{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:41:19Z","timestamp":1763642479020,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFB0502700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0502700"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","award":["106-2116-M-002-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2116-M-002-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ascending and descending InSAR deformations derived from ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1 satellite SAR images and GPS displacements are used to estimate the fault model of the 2018 Mw 6.4 Hualien earthquake. The sinistral strike-slip fault dipping to the west with a high dip angle of 89.4\u00b0 and a rake angle of 201.7\u00b0 is considered as the seismogenic fault of this event. This seismogenic fault also triggered the ruptures of the Milun fault, which dips to the east with a dip angle of ~72\u00b0, and an unknown west-dipping fault with a dip angle of 85.2\u00b0. Two predicted faulting models indicate that the InSAR deformation fields include more postseismic slip than those of the GPS data. The north segment of the Milun fault and west-dipping fault have been triggered by the rupture of the seismogenic fault, but the postseismic slip occurred only in the south segment of the Milun fault. The InSAR-derived co-seismic and postseismic faulting model suggests that the significant slip concentrates at depths of 2.4\u201315.0 km of the main fault, 0.0\u201314.0 km of the Milun fault. Only minor slip is detected on the west-dipping fault. The maximum fault slip of ca. 2.1 m is located at the depth of ca. 2.4 km under the Meilun Tableland. The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change calculated by the co-seismic and postseismic faulting model shows that there is a significant CFS increase in the east of the south segment of the Milun fault, but few of the aftershocks occur in this area, which indicates a high risk of future seismic hazard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T02:49:34Z","timestamp":1535597374000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Co-Seismic and Postseismic Fault Models of the 2018 Mw 6.4 Hualien Earthquake Occurred in the Junction of Collision and Subduction Boundaries Offshore Eastern Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ying-Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyr-Ching","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2308-8282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Chien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seismological Center, Central Weather Bureau, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo-Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6997-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Nan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ying","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Crustal Dynamics, Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(96)00303-4","article-title":"A tear fault boundary between the Taiwan orogen and the Ryukyu subduction zone","volume":"274","author":"Lallemand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(00)00272-9","article-title":"Constraints on backstop geometry of the southwest Ryukyu subduction based on reflection seismic data","volume":"333","author":"Font","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2011.08.014","article-title":"Seismicity, active faults, stress patterns, and rupture processes in the Hualien region, Taiwan, investigated using the 1990 Hualien earthquake sequence","volume":"511","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2015.05.21.01(T)","article-title":"Velocity field derived from Taiwan continuous GPS array (2007\u20132013)","volume":"26","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012761","article-title":"Fault geometry and slip distribution of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake imaged from inversion of GPS data","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000722","article-title":"Preseismic deformation and co-seismic displacements associated with the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","volume":"91","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"B02304","article-title":"A leaping, triggered sequence along a segmented fault: The 1951 ML 7.3 Hualien-Taitung earthquake sequence in eastern Taiwan","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7459","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069351","article-title":"Multiple fault slip triggered above the 2016 Mw 6.4 MeiNong earthquake in Taiwan","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"5","article-title":"Le S\u00e9isme de Chichi (1999) et sa place dans l\u2019or\u00e8gene de Taiwan. (The Chichi earthquake, 1999, and its role in the Taiwan orogeny)","volume":"333","author":"Angelier","year":"2001","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B07404","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JB006417","article-title":"GPS crustal deformation, strain rate and seismic activity after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan","volume":"115","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1785\/0120170231","article-title":"A New Automatic Full-Waveform Regional Moment Tensor Inversion Algorithm and Its Applications in the Taiwan Area","volume":"108","author":"Jian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"43","article-title":"Summary of Quaternary faulting and elevation change in Taiwan","volume":"2","author":"Bonilla","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mem. Geol. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(03)00097-1","article-title":"Tectonic interpretations of Holocene marine terraces, east coast of Coastal Range, Taiwan","volume":"115","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"95","article-title":"Recent faulting in the Longitudinal Valley of eastern Taiwan","volume":"1","author":"Hsu","year":"1962","journal-title":"Mem. Geol. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2008.02.035","article-title":"Seismogenic faults along the major suture of the plate boundary deduced by dislocation modeling of co-seismic displacements of the 1951 M7. 3 Hualien\u2013Taitung earthquake sequence in eastern Taiwan","volume":"269","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B04305","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005180","article-title":"Co-seismic displacement and tectonic implication of 1951 Longitudinal Valley earthquake sequence, eastern Taiwan","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam7194","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7194","article-title":"Complex multifault rupture during the 2016 M w 7.8 Kaik\u014dura earthquake, New Zealand","volume":"356","author":"Hamling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wegmuller, U., and Werner, C. (1997, January 14\u201321). Gamma SAR processor and interferometry software. Proceedings of the 3rd ERS Symposium, Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission","volume":"45","author":"Farr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1299806","article-title":"Co-seismic surface deformation of the 2014 Napa earthquake mapped by Sentinel-1A SAR and accuracy assessment with COSMO-SkyMed and GPS data as cross validation","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Rosen, P.A., Gurrola, E.G.F., Sacco, F., and Zebker, H. (2012, January 15). The InSAR scientific computing environment. Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6778","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073580","article-title":"Geodetic model of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence inferred from InSAR and GPS data","volume":"44","author":"Cheloni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welstead, S.T. (1999). Fractal and Wavelet Image Compression Techniques, SPIE Optical Engineering Press.","DOI":"10.1117\/3.353798"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Laarhoven, P.J., and Aarts, E.H. (1987). Simulated annealing. Simulated Annealing: Theory and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7744-1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076417","article-title":"Co-seismic slip deficit of the 2017 Mw 6.5 Ormoc Earthquake that occurred along a creeping segment and geothermal field of the Philippine Fault","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2015.09.015","article-title":"Reassessing the complexity of the rupture of the 2010 Jia-Shian Earthquake (Mw 6.2) in Southwestern Taiwan by inverting jointly teleseismic, strong-motion and CGPS data","volume":"692","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2015.03.001","article-title":"Deep co-seismic slip of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake inferred from joint inversion of fault stress changes and GPS surface displacements","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01637120","article-title":"Earthquake stress-drops, ambient tectonic stresses, and the stresses that drive plates","volume":"115","author":"Hanks","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1029\/98EO00426","article-title":"New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released","volume":"79","author":"Wessel","year":"1998","journal-title":"EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/9\/1372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:21:58Z","timestamp":1760196118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/9\/1372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10091372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10091372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]}}}