{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:12:09Z","timestamp":1784650329627,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003699","name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PK1702C-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PK1702C-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2015R1C1A1A01052625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2015R1C1A1A01052625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used to detect subsurface objects, such as hidden cavities, buried pipes, and manholes, owing to its noncontact sensing, rapid scanning, and deeply penetrating remote-sensing capabilities. Currently, GPR data interpretation depends heavily on the experience of well-trained experts because different types of underground objects often generate similar GPR reflection features. Moreover, reflection visualizations that were obtained from field GPR data for urban roads are often weak and noisy. This study proposes a novel instantaneous phase analysis technique to address these issues. The proposed technique aims to enhance the visibility of underground objects and provide objective criteria for GPR data interpretation so that the objects can be automatically classified without expert intervention. The feasibility of the proposed technique is validated both numerically and experimentally. The field test utilizes rarely available GPR data for urban roads in Seoul, South Korea and demonstrates that the technique allows for successful visualization and classification of three different types of underground objects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T10:38:38Z","timestamp":1536230318000},"page":"1417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Underground Object Classification for Urban Roads Using Instantaneous Phase Analysis of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3607-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeongjin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongguk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Railroad Vehicle Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176 Chelodo Bangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16105, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaesun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 641-773, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Sung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3852-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Kyu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, July 21). 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