{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:07:36Z","timestamp":1767337656355,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We used a global positioning system (GPS), levelling, and Sentinel-1 data to evaluate the stability of the Darbandikhan dam in northeast Iraq after the 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake. GPS and levelling datasets collected in March and November 2017 were used to compute the co-seismic surface displacements of the dam. Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images collected between October 2014 and March 2018 were employed to recover the displacement time series of the dam. The large-magnitude displacement gradient on the dam crest hindered the estimation of the co-seismic displacement using this medium-resolution SAR data. However, Sentinel-1 images are sufficient to examine the stability of the dam displacement before and after the earthquake. The results show that the dam was stable between October 2014 and November 2017, but after the earthquake, Sentinel-1 data shows a continuous subsidence of the dam crest between November 2017 and March 2018. To the best knowledge of the authors, this study is the first that utilises InSAR to investigate the behaviour of a dam after a large earthquake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T11:47:41Z","timestamp":1536320861000},"page":"1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of the Stability of the Darbandikhan Dam after the 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab (Iran\u2013Iraq Border) Earthquake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Al-Husseinawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"COMET, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"COMET, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"COMET, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0650020541","article-title":"Historical seismicity of Iraq","volume":"65","author":"Alsinawi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"BBC News Middle East (BBC News Middle East, 2017). Iran-Iraq earthquake: Hundreds killed as border region hit, BBC News Middle East."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cordell, M.C. (2006). Dokan and Derbendikhan Dam Inspections, SMEC International Pty. Ltd."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"USGS (2017) Interactive map (2017, November 13). 13 November 2017, Available online: https:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/earthquakes\/eventpage\/us2000bmcg#map."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"ESRI (2018). DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES\/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, Swisstopo, and the GIS User Community, ESRI."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Jansen, R.B. (1983). Dams and Public Safety (A Water Resources Technical Publication)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Seco, E.P., and Pedro, S. (2010, January 24\u201329). Understanding Seismic Embankment Dam Behavior Through Case Histories. Proceedings of the International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1965.15.2.139","article-title":"Effects of Earthquakes on Dams and Embankments","volume":"15","author":"Newmark","year":"1965","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Anastasiadis, A., Klimis, N., Makra, K., and Margaris, B. (2004, January 1\u20136). On seismic behavior of a 130m high rockfill dam: An integrated approach. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Serff, N., Seed, H.B., Makdisi, F.I., and Chang, C.-Y. (1976). Earthquake-Induced Deformations of Earth Dams, University of Claifornia. EERC 76-4."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Jansen, R.B., Parrett, N.F., and Ingram, D.E. (1995). Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams, United Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37408","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37408","article-title":"Space geodetic monitoring of engineered structures: The ongoing destabilization of the Mosul dam, Iraq","volume":"6","author":"Milillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, July 18). Trevi Signs the Contract for the Maintenance Works of Mosul Dam. Available online: http:\/\/www.trevispa.com\/en\/MosulDam\/trevi-signs-the-contract-for-the-maintenance-works-of-mosul-dam."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Annunziato, A., Andredakis, I., and Probst, P. (2016). Impact of Flood by a Possible Failure of the Mosul Dam, European Commission. EUR 27923 EN."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.08.011","article-title":"The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River, southwestern China","volume":"65","author":"Dai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.5194\/se-7-659-2016","article-title":"Spatial evolution of Zagros collision zone in Kurdistan, NW Iran: Constraints on Arabia-Eurasia oblique convergence","volume":"7","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(77)90036-7","article-title":"A harmonic analysis of lunar topography","volume":"31","author":"Bills","year":"1977","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"296","article-title":"A new, earth-based radar technique for the measurement of lunar topography","volume":"4","author":"Zisk","year":"1972","journal-title":"Earth Moon Planets"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB07p09183","article-title":"Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry","volume":"94","author":"Gabriel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.1980.1145451","article-title":"The Seasat-A synthetic aperture radar system","volume":"5","author":"Jordan","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Zebker, H.A., Villasenor, J., and Madsen, S.N. (1992, January 26\u201329). Topographic Mapping From ERS-1 And Seasat Radar Interferometry. Proceedings of the IGARSS \u201992 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ferretti, A., Prati, C., Rocca, F., and Monti Guarnieri, A. (1997, January 14\u201321). Multibaseline SAR Interferometry for Automatic DEM Reconstruction (DEM). Proceedings of the Third ERS Symposium on Space at the Service of our Environment, Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., and Roth, L. (2007). The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Rev. Geophys., 45.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.896546","article-title":"Reconstruction of DEMs From ERS-1\/2 Tandem Data in Mountainous Area Facilitated by SRTM Data","volume":"45","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2009.04.002","article-title":"DEM generation using ERS\u2013ENVISAT interferometry","volume":"69","author":"Santoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.05.011","article-title":"High-resolution digital elevation models from single-pass TanDEM-X interferometry over mountainous regions: A case study of Inylchek Glacier, Central Asia","volume":"130","author":"Neelmeijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.04.027","article-title":"Measuring large topographic change with InSAR: Lava thicknesses, extrusion rate and subsidence rate at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala","volume":"335\u2013336","author":"Ebmeier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/369227a0","article-title":"Radar interferometric mapping of deformation in the year after the Landers earthquake","volume":"369","author":"Massonnet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20164901","article-title":"3D displacement field retrieved by integrating Sentinel-1 InSAR and GPS data: The 2014 South Napa earthquake","volume":"49","author":"Polcari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10431-w","article-title":"Near-source high-rate GPS, strong motion and InSAR observations to image the 2015 Lefkada (Greece) Earthquake rupture history","volume":"7","author":"Avallone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganas, A., Kourkouli, P., Briole, P., Moshou, A., Elias, P., and Parcharidis, I. (2018). Coseismic Displacements from Moderate-Size Earthquakes Mapped by Sentinel-1 Differential Interferometry: The Case of February 2017 Gulpinar Earthquake Sequence (Biga Peninsula, Turkey). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071089"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen, P.A., Hensley, S., Zebker, H.A., Webb, F.H., and Fielding, E.J. (1996). Surface deformation and coherence measurements of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from SIR-C radar interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. Ser., 101.","DOI":"10.1029\/96JE01459"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16391","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900095","article-title":"Volcano-wide fringes in ERS synthetic aperture radar interferograms of Etna (1992\u20131998): Deformation or tropospheric effect?","volume":"105","author":"Beauducel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00331-5","article-title":"Accurate measurements of tropospheric effects in volcanic areas from SAR interferometry data: Application to Sakurajima volcano (Japan)","volume":"213","author":"Remy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012752","article-title":"InSAR processing for volcano monitoring and other near-real time applications","volume":"121","author":"Spaans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Thomas, A., Holley, R., Burren, R., Shilston, D., Waring, D., and Meikle, C. (2010, January 17\u201322). Long-term differential InSAR monitoring of the Lampur Sidoarjo mud volcano (Java, Indonesia) using ALOS PALSAR imagery. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4471","article-title":"Global link between deformation and volcanic eruption quantified by satellite imagery","volume":"5","author":"Biggs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ferretti, A., Prati, C., Rocca, F., Casagli, N., Farina, P., and Young, B. (June, January 31). Permanent Scatterers technology: A powerful state of the art tool for historic and future monitoring of landslides and other terrain instability phenomena. Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Landslide Risk Management, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-9840-6","article-title":"Displacement patterns of a landslide affected by human activities: Insights from ground-based InSAR monitoring","volume":"59","author":"Bozzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.003","article-title":"Evaluating sub-pixel offset techniques as an alternative to D-InSAR for monitoring episodic landslide movements in vegetated terrain","volume":"147","author":"Singleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu017","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges region (China) constrained by radar interferometry","volume":"197","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.009","article-title":"Monitoring activity at the Daguangbao mega-landslide (China) using Sentinel-1 TOPS time series interferometry","volume":"186","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darvishi, M., Schl\u00f6gel, R., Bruzzone, L., and Cuozzo, G. (2018). Integration of PSI, MAI, and Intensity-Based Sub-Pixel Offset Tracking Results for Landslide Monitoring with X-Band Corner Reflectors\u2014Italian Alps (Corvara). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030409"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novellino, A., Cigna, F., Brahmi, M., Sowter, A., Bateson, L., and Marsh, S. (2017). Assessing the Feasibility of a National InSAR Ground Deformation Map of Great Britain with Sentinel-1. Geosciences, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7020019"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25369-w","article-title":"Continuous, semi-automatic monitoring of ground deformation using Sentinel-1 satellites","volume":"8","author":"Raspini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation","volume":"27","author":"Amelung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.04.018","article-title":"Sinkhole monitoring and early warning: An experimental and successful GB-InSAR application","volume":"241","author":"Intrieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Traglia, F., Intrieri, E., Nolesini, T., Bardi, F., Del Ventisette, C., Ferrigno, F., Frangioni, S., Frodella, W., Gigli, G., and Lotti, A. (2014). The ground-based InSAR monitoring system at Stromboli volcano: Linking changes in displacement rate and intensity of persistent volcanic activity. Bull. Volcanol., 76.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-013-0786-2"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolesini, T., Frodella, W., Bianchini, S., and Casagli, N. (2016). Detecting Slope and Urban Potential Unstable Areas by Means of Multi-Platform Remote Sensing Techniques: The Volterra (Italy) Case Study. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090746"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0875-y","article-title":"A method for assessing and managing landslide residual hazard in urban areas","volume":"15","author":"Frodella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.08.008","article-title":"A new approach to selecting coherent pixels for ground-based SAR deformation monitoring","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.01.022","article-title":"Monitoring an earthfill dam using differential SAR interferometry: La Pedrera dam, Alicante, Spain","volume":"157","author":"Cano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., and Perissin, D. (2012, January 22\u201327). Cosmo SkyMed AO projects\u20143D reconstruction and stability monitoring of the Three Gorges Dam. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6350577"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"221","article-title":"Monitoring dam structural health from space: Insights from novel InSAR techniques and multi-parametric modeling applied to the Pertusillo dam Basilicata, Italy","volume":"52","author":"Milillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Blom, R., Fielding, E., Gabriel, A., and Goldstein, R. (1999). Radar Interferometry for Monitoring of Oil Fields and Dams: Lost Hills, California and Aswan, Egypt. National Geological Society of America Meeting, National Geological Society of America Meeting."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.04.009","article-title":"Characterizing post-construction settlement of the Masjed-Soleyman embankment dam, Southwest Iran, using TerraSAR-X SpotLight radar imagery","volume":"143","author":"Emadali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milillo, P., Porcu, M.C., Lundgren, P., Soccodato, F., Salzer, J., Fielding, E., Burgmann, R., Milillo, G., Perissin, D., and Biondi, F. (2017, January 23\u201328). The Ongoing Destabilization of the Mosul Dam as Observed by Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8128442"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.06.025","article-title":"Simulating SAR geometric distortions and predicting Persistent Scatterer densities for ERS-1\/2 and ENVISAT C-band SAR and InSAR applications: Nationwide feasibility assessment to monitor the landmass of Great Britain with SAR imagery","volume":"152","author":"Cigna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Wegm\u00fcller, U., and Werner, C. (1997, January 17\u201320). Gamma sar processor and interferometry software. Proceedings of the 3rd ERS Scientific Symposium, Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673674","article-title":"A novel phase unwrapping method based on network programming","volume":"36","author":"Costantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1029\/RS023i004p00713","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry- Two-dimensional phase unwrapping","volume":"23","author":"Goldstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2019125","article-title":"Integration of InSAR time-series analysis and water-vapor correction for mapping postseismic motion after the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025753","article-title":"Generation of real-time mode high-resolution water vapor fields from GPS observations","volume":"122","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.038","article-title":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction using a GPS-based iterative tropospheric decomposition model","volume":"204","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Li, Z., Yu, C., Chen, J., and Penna, N.T. (2018, January 8\u201313). Temporal correlation of atmospheric delay and its mitigation in InSAR time series. Proceedings of EGU General Assembly 2018, Veinna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Yu, C., Li, Z., Penna, N.T., and Crippa, P. (2018, January 8\u201313). Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS). Proceedings of EGU General Assembly 2018, Veinna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herndon, R.l. (1990). Settlement Analysis.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1990-21109"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/9\/1426\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:18Z","timestamp":1760195958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/9\/1426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10091426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10091426","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]}}}