{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1792689918119,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000016","name":"Canadian Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMAP Canada"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMAP Canada"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detailed angular ground-based L-band brightness temperature (TB) measurements over snow covered frozen soil in a prairie environment were used to parameterize and evaluate an electromagnetic model, the Wave Approach for LOw-frequency MIcrowave emission in Snow (WALOMIS), for seasonal snow. WALOMIS, initially developed for Antarctic applications, was extended with a soil interface model. A Gaussian noise on snow layer thickness was implemented to account for natural variability and thus improve the TB simulations compared to observations. The model performance was compared with two radiative transfer models, the Dense Media Radiative Transfer-Multi Layer incoherent model (DMRT-ML) and a version of the Microwave Emission Model for Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) adapted specifically for use at L-band in the original one-layer configuration (LS-MEMLS-1L). Angular radiometer measurements (30\u00b0, 40\u00b0, 50\u00b0, and 60\u00b0) were acquired at six snow pits. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between simulated and measured TB at vertical and horizontal polarizations were similar for the three models, with overall RMSE between 7.2 and 10.5 K. However, WALOMIS and DMRT-ML were able to better reproduce the observed TB at higher incidence angles (50\u00b0 and 60\u00b0) and at horizontal polarization. The similar results obtained between WALOMIS and DMRT-ML suggests that the interference phenomena are weak in the case of shallow seasonal snow despite the presence of visible layers with thicknesses smaller than the wavelength, and the radiative transfer model can thus be used to compute L-band brightness temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T11:40:02Z","timestamp":1536666002000},"page":"1451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Modelling the L-Band Snow-Covered Surface Emission in a Winter Canadian Prairie Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. Universit\u00e9, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC G9A 5H7, Canada"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes Nordiques, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Leduc-Leballeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics\u2014Ational Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1475-5853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghislain","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Royer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. Universit\u00e9, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes Nordiques, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Toose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Derksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Lemmetyinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8438-5662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Geomatics University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Rowlandson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Environment, and Geomatics University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Schwank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamma Remote Sensing AG, CH-3073 G\u00fcmligen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043032","article-title":"The SMOS mission: New tool for monitoring key elements of the global water cycle","volume":"98","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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