{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T13:59:42Z","timestamp":1769263182682,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/L002612\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/L002612\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Google Earth Engine Research Award","award":["PRQ22909209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRQ22909209"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG V A-project SPECTORS","award":["143081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["143081"]}]},{"name":"INTERREG project \u2018Smart Inspectors\u2019","award":["I-1-03=176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-1-03=176"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA130026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA130026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["321131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The leaf economic spectrum (LES) describes a set of universal trade-offs between leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen (N), leaf phosphorus (P) and leaf photosynthesis that influence patterns of primary productivity and nutrient cycling. Many questions regarding vegetation-climate feedbacks can be addressed with a better understanding of LES traits and their controls. Remote sensing offers enormous potential for generating large-scale LES trait data. Yet so far, canopy studies have been limited to imaging spectrometers onboard aircraft, which are rare, expensive to deploy and lack fine-scale resolution. In this study, we measured VNIR (visible-near infrared (400\u20131050 nm)) reflectance of individual sun and shade leaves in 7 one-ha tropical forest plots located along a 1200\u20132000 mm precipitation gradient in West Africa. We collected hyperspectral imaging data from 3 of the 7 plots, using an octocopter-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), mounted with a hyperspectral mapping system (450\u2013950 nm, 9 nm FWHM). Using partial least squares regression (PLSR), we found that the spectra of individual sun leaves demonstrated significant (p &lt; 0.01) correlations with LMA and leaf chemical traits: r2 = 0.42 (LMA), r2 = 0.43 (N), r2 = 0.21 (P), r2 = 0.20 (leaf potassium (K)), r2 = 0.23 (leaf calcium (Ca)) and r2 = 0.14 (leaf magnesium (Mg)). Shade leaf spectra displayed stronger relationships with all leaf traits. At the airborne level, four of the six leaf traits demonstrated weak (p &lt; 0.10) correlations with the UAV-collected spectra of 58 tree crowns: r2 = 0.25 (LMA), r2 = 0.22 (N), r2 = 0.22 (P), and r2 = 0.25 (Ca). From the airborne imaging data, we used LMA, N and P values to map the LES across the three plots, revealing precipitation and substrate as co-dominant drivers of trait distributions and relationships. Positive N-P correlations and LMA-P anticorrelations followed typical LES theory, but we found no classic trade-offs between LMA and N. Overall, this study demonstrates the application of UAVs to generating LES information and advancing the study and monitoring tropical forest functional diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T10:38:49Z","timestamp":1537785529000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Mapping the Leaf Economic Spectrum across West African Tropical Forests Using UAV-Acquired Hyperspectral Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1670-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor R.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"},{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadvinder","family":"Malhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harm","family":"Bartholomeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imma","family":"Oliveras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agne","family":"Gvozdevaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Peprah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box UP 63 KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2029-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"Suomalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Geodeetinrinne 2, 02430 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Quansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box UP 63 KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Seidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box UP 63 KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Adonteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box UP 63 KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8625-8851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Adu-Bredu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box UP 63 KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Doughty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x","article-title":"TRY\u2014A global database of plant traits","volume":"17","author":"Kattge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. 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