{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:56:59Z","timestamp":1775599019245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Research Project of the Korea Institute of Geoscience, Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)","award":["Q.J130000.2527.17H84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q.J130000.2527.17H84"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research aims at proposing a new artificial intelligence approach (namely RVM-ICA) which is based on the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) and the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) optimization for landslide susceptibility modeling. A Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial database was generated from Lang Son city in Lang Son province (Vietnam). This GIS database includes a landslide inventory map and fourteen landslide conditioning factors. The suitability of these factors for landslide susceptibility modeling in the study area was verified by the Information Gain Ratio (IGR) technique. A landslide susceptibility prediction model based on RVM-ICA and the GIS database was established by training and prediction phases. The predictive capability of the new approach was evaluated by calculations of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC). In addition, to assess the applicability of the proposed model, two state-of-the-art soft computing techniques including the support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression (LR) were used as benchmark methods. The results of this study show that RVM-ICA with AUC = 0.92 achieved a high goodness-of-fit based on both the training and testing datasets. The predictive capability of RVM-ICA outperformed those of SVM with AUC = 0.91 and LR with AUC = 0.87. The experimental results confirm that the newly proposed model is a very promising alternative to assist planners and decision makers in the task of managing landslide prone areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T11:12:26Z","timestamp":1537873946000},"page":"1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["A Novel Integrated Approach of Relevance Vector Machine Optimized by Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for Spatial Modeling of Shallow Landslides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5161-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieu","family":"Tien Bui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Science Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himan","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9668-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ataollah","family":"Shirzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9466-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Chapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nhat-Duc","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, P809-K7\/25 Quang Trung, Danang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9707-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binh","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Research Group (GEOAI), University of Transport Technology, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quang-Thanh","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, ThanhXuan, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuyen-Trung","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Pho Vien, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Panahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young Researchers and Elites Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box 19585\/466, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baharin","family":"Bin Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0409-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Saro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124, Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Geophysical Exploration, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Slope movement types and processes","volume":"176","author":"Varnes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Spec. 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