{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:14:53Z","timestamp":1778570093293,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX14AN47G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX14AN47G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present an analysis of over 23,000 globally distributed wildfire smoke plume injection heights derived from Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) space-based, multi-angle stereo imaging. Both pixel-weighted and aerosol optical depth (AOD)-weighted results are given, stratified by region, biome, and month or season. This offers an observational resource for assessing first-principle plume-rise modelling, and can provide some constraints on smoke dispersion modelling for climate and air quality applications. The main limitation is that the satellite is in a sun-synchronous orbit, crossing the equator at about 10:30 a.m. local time on the day side. Overall, plumes occur preferentially during the northern mid-latitude burning season, and the vast majority inject smoke near-surface. However, the heavily forested regions of North and South America, and Africa produce the most frequent elevated plumes and the highest AOD values; some smoke is injected to altitudes well above 2 km in nearly all regions and biomes. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) versus free troposphere injection is a critical factor affecting smoke dispersion and environmental impact, and is affected by both the smoke injection height and the PBL height; an example assessment is made here, but constraining the PBL height for this application warrants further work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T11:53:13Z","timestamp":1539172393000},"page":"1609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["A Global Analysis of Wildfire Smoke Injection Heights Derived from Space-Based Multi-Angle Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9715-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Val Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, Animal Plant Sciences Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph A.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate and Radiation Laboratory, Code 613, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika G.","family":"Tosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA"},{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inventory of boreal fire emissions for North America in 2004: Importance of peat burning and pyroconvective injection","volume":"112","author":"Turquety","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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