{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:05:26Z","timestamp":1762272326095,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter in the study of the physical processes of land surface. Understanding the surface temperature lapse rate (TLR) can help to reveal the characteristics of mountainous climates and regional climate change. A methodology was developed to calculate and analyze land-surface TLR in China based on grid datasets of MODIS LST and digital elevation model (DEM), with a formula derived on the basis of the analysis of the temperature field and the height field, an image enhancement technique used to calculate gradient, and the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering applied to identify the seasonal pattern of the TLR. The results of the analysis through the methodology showed that surface temperature vertical gradient inversion widely occurred in Northeast, Northwest, and North China in winter, especially in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the northern and the western parts of the Greater Khingan Mountains, the Lesser Khingan Mountains, and the northern area of Northwest and North China. Summer generally witnessed the steepest TLR among the four seasons. The eastern Tibetan Plateau showed a distinctive seasonal pattern, where the steepest TLR happened in winter and spring, with a shallower TLR in summer. Large seasonal variations of TLR could be seen in Northeast China, where there was a steep TLR in spring and summer and a strong surface temperature vertical gradient inversion in winter. The smallest seasonal variation of TLR happened in Central and Southwest China, especially in the Ta-pa Mountains and the Qinling Mountains. The TLR at very high altitudes (&gt;5 km) was usually steeper than at low altitudes, in all months of the year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T02:58:04Z","timestamp":1539313084000},"page":"1617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A New Methodology for Estimating the Surface Temperature Lapse Rate Based on Grid Data and Its Application in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7291-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9351-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Climate Studies, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Tianlin","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Panfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Kangmin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1989)117<0536:ASPOLS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models","volume":"117","author":"Noilhan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mon. 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