{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:53:52Z","timestamp":1781114032693,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/P014127\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/P014127\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DOB Ecology","award":["Mangrove Capital Africa"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mangrove Capital Africa"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a new global baseline of mangrove extent for 2010 and has been released as the first output of the Global Mangrove Watch (GMW) initiative. This is the first study to apply a globally consistent and automated method for mapping mangroves, identifying a global extent of 137,600 km     2    . The overall accuracy for mangrove extent was 94.0% with a 99% likelihood that the true value is between 93.6\u201394.5%, using 53,878 accuracy points across 20 sites distributed globally. Using the geographic regions of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Asia has the highest proportion of mangroves with 38.7% of the global total, while Latin America and the Caribbean have 20.3%, Africa has 20.0%, Oceania has 11.9%, North America has 8.4% and the European Overseas Territories have 0.7%. The methodology developed is primarily based on the classification of ALOS PALSAR and Landsat sensor data, where a habitat mask was first generated, within which the classification of mangrove was undertaken using the Extremely Randomized Trees classifier. This new globally consistent baseline will also form the basis of a mangrove monitoring system using JAXA JERS-1 SAR, ALOS PALSAR and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 radar data to assess mangrove change from 1996 to the present. However, when using the product, users should note that a minimum mapping unit of 1 ha is recommended and that the error increases in regions of disturbance and where narrow strips or smaller fragmented areas of mangroves are present. Artefacts due to cloud cover and the Landsat-7 SLC-off error are also present in some areas, particularly regions of West Africa due to the lack of Landsat-5 data and persistence cloud cover. In the future, consideration will be given to the production of a new global baseline based on 10 m Sentinel-2 composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1540284216000},"page":"1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":614,"title":["The Global Mangrove Watch\u2014A New 2010 Global Baseline of Mangrove Extent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Bunting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7896-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ake","family":"Rosenqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solo Earth Observation (soloEO), Tokyo 104-0054, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"},{"name":"School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University of New South Wales (UNSW), High Street, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa-Maria","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Water Management Institute, Regional Office for SE Asia and The Mekong, P.O. Box 4199, Vientiane"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lammert","family":"Hilarides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetlands International, 6700AL Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdicsiplinary Center, University of Maryland\/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC), Tsukuba Office, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama 350-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9991-7289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Max","family":"Finlayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x","article-title":"Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data","volume":"20","author":"Giri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spalding, M., Kainuma, M., and Collins, L. (2010). World Atlas of Mangroves (Version 3), Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849776608"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Spalding, M., Blasco, F., and Field, C. (1997). World Atlas of Mangroves, The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"FAO (2008). 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