{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T17:48:26Z","timestamp":1774115306022,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Displacement monitoring of large bridges is an important source of information concerning their health state. In this paper, a procedure based on satellite Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data is presented to assess bridge health. The proposed approach periodically assesses the displacements of a bridge in order to detect abnormal displacements at any position of the bridge. To demonstrate its performances, the displacement characteristics of two bridges, the Nanjing-Dashengguan High-speed Railway Bridge (NDHRB, 1272 m long) and the Nanjing-Yangtze River Bridge (NYRB, 1576-m long), are studied. For this purpose, two independent Sentinel-1 SAR datasets were used, covering a two-year period with 75 and 66 images, respectively, providing very similar results. During the observed period, the two bridges underwent no actual displacements: thermal dilation displacements were dominant. For NDHRB, the total thermal dilation parameter from the PSI analysis was computed using the two different datasets; the difference of the two computations was 0.09 mm\/\u00b0C, which, assuming a temperature variation of 30 \u00b0C, corresponds to a discrepancy of 2.7 mm over the total bridge length. From the total thermal dilation parameters, the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) were calculated, which were 11.26 \u00d7 10\u22126\/\u00b0C and 11.19 \u00d7 10\u22126\/\u00b0C, respectively. These values match the bridge metal properties. For NYRB, the estimated CTE was 10.46 \u00d7 10\u22126\/\u00b0C, which also matches the bridge metal properties (11.26 \u00d7 10\u22126\/\u00b0C). Based on a statistical analysis of the PSI topographic errors of NDHRB, pixels on the bridge deck were selected, and displacement models covering the entire NDHRB were established using the two track datasets; the model was validated on the six piers with an absolute mean error of 0.25 mm\/\u00b0C. Finally, the health state of NDHRB was evaluated with four more images using the estimated models, and no abnormal displacements were found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T11:55:41Z","timestamp":1540986941000},"page":"1714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Displacement Monitoring and Health Evaluation of Two Bridges Using Sentinel-1 SAR Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qihuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, JiangNing District, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Geomatics Division, Av. Gauss 7, E-08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Crosetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Geomatics Division, Av. Gauss 7, E-08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Crippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Section of Geophysics, University of Milan, Via Cicognara 7, I-20129 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, JiangNing District, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, JiangNing District, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youliang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of C&amp;PC Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.011","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A review","volume":"115","author":"Crosetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Li, S., Zhou, Z., and Chang, X. (2016). Remote Sensing of Deformation of a High Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dam Using InSAR: A Study of the Shuibuya Dam, China. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030255"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Li, S., Zhou, Z., and Chang, X. (2016). InSAR Observation and Numerical Modeling of the Earth-Dam Displacement of Shuibuya Dam (China). Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100877"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, D., Zhang, L., Li, M., Liu, B., and Wang, Y. (2016, January 10\u201315). Beijing subway tunnelings and high-speed railway subsidence monitoring with PSInSAR and TerraSAR-X data. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730796"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2014.10.095","article-title":"Infrastructure Non-linear Deformation Monitoring Via Satellite Radar Interferometry","volume":"16","author":"Bakon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20164923","article-title":"Railways\u2019 stability observed in Campania (Italy) by InSAR data","volume":"49","author":"Poreh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2016.1225170","article-title":"Seasonal deformation features on Qinghai-Tibet railway observed using time-series InSAR technique with high-resolution TerraSAR-X images","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-014-0752-6","article-title":"Deformation analysis of the Lake Urmia causeway (LUC) embankments in northwest Iran: Insights from multi-sensor interferometry synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data and finite element modeling (FEM)","volume":"88","author":"Shamshiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"596","article-title":"Nationwide Railway Monitoring Using Satellite SAR Interferometry","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. STARS"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"205","article-title":"Bridge Displacements Monitoring Using Space-Borne X-Band SAR Interferometry","volume":"10","author":"Lazecky","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. STARS"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Wu, J., Ding, X., and Wang, M. (2017). Elevation Extraction and Deformation Monitoring by Multitemporal InSAR of Lupu Bridge in Shanghai. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090897"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Chang, L., and Markine, V. (2018). Structural Health Monitoring of Railway Transition Zones Using Satellite Radar Data. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020413"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.03.016","article-title":"Displacement monitoring and modelling of a high-speed railway bridge using C-band Sentinel-1 data","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2119463","article-title":"The Thermal Expansion Component of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Observations","volume":"8","author":"Monserrat","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1559","article-title":"SMC structural health monitoring benchmark problem using monitored data from an actual cable-stayed bridge","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2013.769008","article-title":"On longevity and monitoring technologies of bridges: A survey study by the Japanese Society of Steel Construction","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. E"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250562","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/250562","article-title":"Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring System for a High-Speed Railway Bridge Structure","volume":"2015","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Crosetto, M., Monserrat, O., and Crippa, B. (2017). Monitoring and evaluation of a long-span raiway bridge using Sentinel-1 data. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 457\u2013463.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-W4-457-2017"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-19-643-2012","article-title":"Semi-automated extraction of Deviation Indexes (DI) from satellite Persistent Scatterers time series: Tests on sedimentary volcanism and tectonically-induced motions","volume":"19","author":"Cigna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-006-0157-7","article-title":"Fatigue damage reliability analysis for Nanjing Yangtze river bridge using structural health monitoring data","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"49","article-title":"Big expansion joints reconstruction for highway bridge of the Nanjing Yangtze river bridge","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Transp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"He, X. (2004). Study on the Structural Health Monitoring of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and Its Key Technologies. [Ph.D. Thesis, Central South University]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017024","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001026","article-title":"Temperature Effects on Strain Influence Lines and Dynamic Load Factors in a Steel-Truss Arch Railway Bridge Using Adaptive FIR Filtering","volume":"31","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Monitoring Line-Infrastructure with Multisensor SAR Interferometry: Products and Performance Assessment Metrics","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. STARS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3020305","article-title":"Spaceborne differential SAR interferometry: Data analysis tools for deformation measurement","volume":"3","author":"Crosetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09349847.2012.660241","article-title":"The potential of coherent radar to support the monitoring of the health state of buildings","volume":"23","author":"Luzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Nondestruct. Eval."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/11\/1714\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:27:03Z","timestamp":1760196423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/11\/1714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10111714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10111714","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]}}}