{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:26:20Z","timestamp":1785547580397,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program)","award":["2014CB744703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB744703"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41731066, 41628401, 41790440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41731066, 41628401, 41790440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"111 project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B18046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B18046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique is a well-developed remote sensing tool which has been widely used in the investigation of landslides. Average deformation rates are calculated by weighted averaging (stacking) of the interferograms to detect small-scale loess landslides. Heifangtai loess terrace, Gansu province China, is taken as a test area. Aiming to generate multi-temporal landslide inventory maps and to analyze the landslide evolution features from December 2006 to November 2017, a large number of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets acquired by L-band ascending ALOS\/PALSAR, L-band ascending and descending ALOS\/PALSAR-2, X-band ascending and descending TerraSAR-X and C-band descending Sentinel-1A\/B images covering different evolution stages of Heifangtai terrace are fully exploited. Firstly, the surface deformation of Heifangtai terrace is calculated for independent SAR data using the InSAR technique. Subsequently, InSAR-derived deformation maps, SAR intensity images and a DEM gradient map are jointly used to detect potential loess landslides by setting the appropriate thresholds. More than 40 active loess landslides are identified and mapped. The accuracy of the landslide identification results is verified by comparison with published literatures, the results of geological field surveys and remote sensing images. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the landslides during the last 11 years are revealed for the first time. Finally, strengths and limitations of different wavelength SAR data, and the effects of track direction, geometric distortions of SAR images and the differences in local incidence angle between two adjacent satellite tracks in terms of small-scale loess landslides identification, are analyzed and summarized, and some suggestions are given to guide the future identification of small-scale loess landslides with the InSAR technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T10:32:07Z","timestamp":1541586727000},"page":"1756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Multi-Temporal Loess Landslide Inventory Mapping with C-, X- and L-Band SAR Datasets\u2014A Case Study of Heifangtai Loess Landslides, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Engineering Research Center of National Geographic Conditions Monitoring, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Engineering Research Center of National Geographic Conditions Monitoring, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Engineering Research Center of National Geographic Conditions Monitoring, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-017-4490-0","article-title":"Centrifuge model test of an irrigation-induced loess landslide in the Heifangtai loess platform, Northwest China","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.026030","article-title":"Small-scale loess landslide monitoring with small baseline subsets interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique\u2014Case study of Xingyuan landslide, Shaanxi, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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