{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:06:21Z","timestamp":1760241981562,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples &quot;Parthenope&quot;","award":["EPIMETEO - DSTE330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPIMETEO - DSTE330"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work proposes a multi-parameter method for the detection of cloud-to-ground stroke rate (SRCG) associated to convective cells, based on the measurements of a low-cost single-polarization X-band weather radar. To train and test our procedure, we built up a multi-year dataset, collecting 1575 radar reflectivity volumes that were acquired in the pilot study area of Naples metropolitan environment matched with the LIghtning NETwork (LINET) strokes and meteorological in-situ data. Three radar-based variables are extracted simultaneously for each rain cell and properly merged together, using \u201cad hoc\u201d classification methods, to produce an estimation of the expected lightning activity for each rain cell. These variables, proxies of mixed-phase particles and ice amount into a convective cell, are combined into a single label to cluster the SRCG into two categories: SRCG = 0 (no production of strokes) or SRCG &gt; 0 (stroke production), respectively. Overall, the main results are comparable with those that were obtained from more advanced radar systems, showing a Critical Success Index of 0.53, an Equitable Threat Score of 0.34, a Frequency Bias Index of 1.00, a Heidke Skill Score of 0.42, a Hanssen-Kuiper Skill Score of 0.42, and an area under the curve of probability of detection as a function of false alarm rate (usually referred as ROC curve) equal to 0.78. The developed technique, although with some limitations, outperforms those based on the use of single stroke proxy parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T02:42:41Z","timestamp":1542163361000},"page":"1797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multi-Variable Classification Approach for the Detection of Lightning Activity Using a Low-Cost and Portable X Band Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Capozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d, Centro Direzionale di Napoli, 80143 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0099-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Montopoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mazzarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d, Centro Direzionale di Napoli, 80143 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Cinzia","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Roberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Panegrossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Budillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples \u201cParthenope\u201d, Centro Direzionale di Napoli, 80143 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2035","article-title":"Updated Recommendations for lightning Safety-1998","volume":"80","author":"Holle","year":"1998","journal-title":"AMS"},{"unstructured":"Nierow, A., and Showalter, R.C. 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