{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:36:48Z","timestamp":1778855808417,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using surface temperature as a signature of the surface energy balance is a way to quantify the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration and water stress. In this work, we used the new dual-source model named Soil Plant Atmosphere and Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration (SPARSE) based on the Two Sources Energy Balance (TSEB) model rationale which solves the surface energy balance equations for the soil and the canopy. SPARSE can be used (i) to retrieve soil and vegetation stress levels from known surface temperature and (ii) to predict transpiration, soil evaporation, and surface temperature for given stress levels. The main innovative feature of SPARSE is that it allows to bound each retrieved individual flux component (evaporation and transpiration) by its corresponding potential level deduced from running the model in prescribed potential conditions, i.e., a maximum limit if the surface water availability is not limiting. The main objective of the paper is to assess the SPARSE model predictions of water stress and evapotranspiration components for its two proposed versions (the \u201cpatch\u201d and \u201clayer\u201d resistances network) over 20 in situ data sets encompassing distinct vegetation and climate. Over a large range of leaf area index values and for contrasting vegetation stress levels, SPARSE showed good retrieval performances of evapotranspiration and sensible heat fluxes. For cereals, the layer version provided better latent heat flux estimates than the patch version while both models showed similar performances for sparse crops and forest ecosystems. The bounded layer version of SPARSE provided the best estimates of latent heat flux over different sites and climates. Broad tendencies of observed and retrieved stress intensities were well reproduced with a reasonable difference obtained for most of the points located within a confidence interval of 0.2. The synchronous dynamics of observed and retrieved estimates underlined that the SPARSE retrieved water stress estimates from Thermal Infra-Red data were relevant tools for stress detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1542281567000},"page":"1806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of the SPARSE Dual-Source Model for Predicting Water Stress and Evapotranspiration from Thermal Infrared Data over Multiple Crops and Climates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6280-4539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Delogu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRD, UPS, INRA, 31401 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3905-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Boulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRD, UPS, INRA, 31401 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-9272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Olioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMMAH, INRA, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84914 Avignon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Garrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMMAH, INRA, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84914 Avignon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4885-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurore","family":"Brut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRD, UPS, INRA, 31401 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiphaine","family":"Tallec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRD, UPS, INRA, 31401 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Demarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Soudani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie Syst\u00e9matique et Evolution, AgroParisTech, CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, F-75231 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Lagouarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2010.06.009","article-title":"Using the dual approach of FAO-56 for partitioning ET into soil and plant components for olive orchards in a semi-arid region","volume":"97","author":"Chehbouni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. 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