{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:07:30Z","timestamp":1780582050689,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31670645, 31470578, 31200363, 41801182, and 41807502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670645, 31470578, 31200363, 41801182, and 41807502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research Program of China","award":["2016YFC0502704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0502704"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012325","name":"National Social Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17ZDA058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZDA058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Department of S&amp;T Project","award":["2016T3032, 2016T3037, 2016Y0083, 2018T3018, and 2015Y0083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016T3032, 2016T3037, 2016Y0083, 2018T3018, and 2015Y0083"]}]},{"name":"Xiamen Municipal Department of Science and Technology","award":["3502Z20130037 and 3502Z20142016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z20130037 and 3502Z20142016"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health of CAS","award":["KLUEH-C-201701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLUEH-C-201701"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KFZDSW-324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFZDSW-324"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatiotemporal distribution pattern of the surface temperatures of urban forest canopies (STUFC) is influenced by many environmental factors, and the identification of interactions between these factors can improve simulations and predictions of spatial patterns of urban cool islands. This quantitative research uses an integrated method that combines remote sensing, ground surveys, and spatial statistical models to elucidate the mechanisms that influence the STUFC and considers the interaction of multiple environmental factors. This case study uses Jinjiang, China as a representative of a city experiencing rapid urbanization. We build up a multisource database (forest inventory, digital elevation models, population, and remote sensing imagery) on a uniform coordinate system to support research into the interactions that influence the STUFC. Landsat-5\/8 Thermal Mapper images and meteorological data were used to retrieve the temporal and spatial distributions of land surface temperature. Ground observations, which included the forest management planning inventory and population density data, provided the factors that determine the STUFC spatial distribution on an urban scale. The use of a spatial statistical model (GeogDetector model) reveals the interaction mechanisms of STUFC. Although different environmental factors exert different influences on STUFC, in two periods with different hot spots and cold spots, the patch area and dominant tree species proved to be the main factors contributing to STUFC. The interaction between multiple environmental factors increased the STUFC, both linearly and nonlinearly. Strong interactions tended to occur between elevation and dominant species and were prevalent in either hot or cold spots in different years. In conclusion, the combining of multidisciplinary methods (e.g., remote sensing images, ground observations, and spatial statistical models) helps reveal the mechanism of STUFC on an urban scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1542281567000},"page":"1814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Determining the Mechanisms that Influence the Surface Temperature of Urban Forest Canopies by Combining Remote Sensing Methods, Ground Observations, and Spatial Statistical Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shudi","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoqing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics &amp; Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-7309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengdong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Nature Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Nature Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiyin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0110-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environment, University of Hawai\u2019i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spatial Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4817-7","article-title":"Monitoring trees outside forests: A review","volume":"187","author":"Schnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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