{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T19:17:56Z","timestamp":1774725476979,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1D1A1A02018524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1D1A1A02018524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyzed chemical composition, mineralogy, and spectral characteristics of the tailings of a hydrothermal gold mine in South Korea. We measured spectral responses of tailings to arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) concentration and developed and validated a prediction model for As and Pb in the tailings. The tailing was heavily contaminated with heavy metal elements and composed of rock forming minerals, gangue minerals and hydrothermal alteration minerals. The spectral features of the tailing were closely related to hydrothermal alteration minerals. The spectral responses associated with As and Pb concentrations were detected in shortwave infrared (SWIR) region at absorption positions of the hydrothermal alteration minerals. The prediction models were constructed using spectral bands of absorption features of the hydrothermal alteration minerals and were statistically significant. We found distinctive differences in spectral characteristics and spectral response to heavy metal contamination between the tailings and soils in the mining area. While the spectral signals to heavy metal concentration of tailings were associated with the hydrothermal alteration minerals, those of soils in mining area were manifested by clay minerals originated from weathering processes. This infers that geological processes associated with formation of soils and tailings are the major controlling factors of spectral responses to heavy metal contamination. This study provides a rare reference for the estimation of As and Pb concentration in the tailings with similar types of ore deposit and host rock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1542799407000},"page":"1830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Spectral Responses of As and Pb Contamination in Tailings of a Hydrothermal Ore Deposit: A Case Study of Samgwang Mine, South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6174-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongsik","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, Space Science and Geology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4518-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaehyung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Earth Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1298-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography &amp; Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hye","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, Space Science and Geology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(12)80026-5","article-title":"Soil contamination in urban areas","volume":"82","author":"Thornton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00283457","article-title":"Effect of pH on chemical forms and plant availability of cadmium, zinc, and lead in polluted soils","volume":"45","author":"Xian","year":"1989","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(02)00018-5","article-title":"A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters","volume":"17","author":"Smedley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.01.147","article-title":"Monitoring of contaminated toxic and heavy metals, from mine tailings through age accumulation, in soil and some wild plants at southeast Egypt","volume":"178","author":"Rashed","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1021\/es015747j","article-title":"Estimate of heavy metal contamination in soils after a mining accident using reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"36","author":"Kemper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7_2","article-title":"Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils","volume":"Volume 22","author":"Alloway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heavy Metals in Soils"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.016","article-title":"Sediment pollution in the Elbe estuary and its potential toxicity at different trophic levels","volume":"449","author":"Wetzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"USEPA (2018, August 22). Proven Alternatives for Aboveground Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2015-06\/documents\/arsenic_issue_paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"The Ministry of Environment of Korea (2018, August 22). Survey on Soil Contamination in Waste Metal Mines (Chungnam Province), Available online: http:\/\/webbook.me.go.kr\/DLi-File\/F004\/000\/141833.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2012.702805","article-title":"Proximal spectral sensing to monitor phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils","volume":"15","author":"Rathod","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremediat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.11.059","article-title":"Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy\u2014An alternative for monitoring soil contamination by heavy metals","volume":"265","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2005.03.007","article-title":"Visible, near infrared, mid infrared or combined diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for simultaneous assessment of various soil properties","volume":"131","author":"Rossel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(10)07005-7","article-title":"Visible and near infrared spectroscopy in soil science","volume":"Volume 107","author":"Stenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.05.006","article-title":"Critical review of chemometric indicators commonly used for assessing the quality of the prediction of soil attributes by NIR spectroscopy","volume":"29","author":"Palagos","year":"2010","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimate of heavy metals in soil and streams using combined geochemistry and field spectroscopy in wan-sheng mining area, Chongqing, china","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"16","article-title":"Alteration mapping in exploration: Application of short wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Econ. Geol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00264-X","article-title":"Characterising the hydrothermal alteration of the Broadlands\u2013Ohaaki geothermal system, New Zealand, using short-wave infrared spectroscopy","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6505(00)00004-3","article-title":"An infrared spectral reflectance study of hydrothermal alteration minerals from the Te Mihi sector of the Wairakei geothermal system, New Zealand","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6742(01)00167-4","article-title":"Application of short-wave infrared spectroscopy to define alteration zones associated with the Elura zinc\u2013lead\u2013silver deposit, NSW, Australia","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kerr, A., Rafuse, H., Sparkes, G., Hinchey, J., and Sandeman, H. (2011). Visible\/Infrared Spectroscopy (VIRS) as a Research Tool in Economic Geology: Background and Pilot Studies from Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources. Geological Survey, Report 11-1."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2011.08.001","article-title":"Low potassium hydrothermal alteration in low sulfidation epithermal systems as detected by IRS and XRD: An example from the Co\u2013O mine, Eastern Mindanao, Philippines","volume":"45","author":"Sonntag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2014.03.013","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of minerals in alteration zones associated with porphyry copper deposits in the middle part of Kerman copper belt, SE Iran","volume":"62","author":"Zadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12303-015-0043-0","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of minerals associated with skarn deposits: A case study of Weondong skarn deposit, South Korea","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.02.025","article-title":"Reflectance properties and physiological responses of Salicornia virginica to heavy metal and petroleum contamination","volume":"137","author":"Rosso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, E., Saleh, A., Belal, A., and Gad, A.A. (2017). Application of near-infrared reflectance for quantitative assessment of soil properties. Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrs.2017.02.001"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hauff, P.L. (2008). An Overview of VIS-NIR-SWIR Field Spectroscopy as Applied to Precious Metals Exploration, Spectral International Inc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"939","article-title":"Short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral analysis of hydrothermal alteration zones associated with base metal sulfide deposits at Rosebery and Western Tharsis, Tasmania, and Highway-Reward, Queensland","volume":"96","author":"Herrmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Econ. Geol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1049379","article-title":"Mapping the moisture content of coastal sediments using aster data for spectroscopic and mineralogical analyses: A case study in South Korea","volume":"6","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.9727\/jmsk.2016.29.3.89","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of heavy metal contaminated soils in the vicinity of Boksu mine","volume":"29","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Miner. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.12.003","article-title":"Hyperspectral sensing of heavy metals in soil and vegetation: Feasibility and challenges","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Salminen, R., Batista, M., Bidovec, M., Demetriades, A., De Vivo, B., De Vos, W., Duris, M., Gilucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., and Halami\u0107, J. (2005). Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part 1, Background Information, Methodology and Maps, Geological survey of Finland."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.06.046","article-title":"Sorption of copper, zinc and lead on soil mineral phases","volume":"73","author":"Sipos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"McBride, M.B. (1994). Environmental Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.01.012","article-title":"Competitive sorption and desorption of heavy metals in mine soils: Influence of mine soil characteristics","volume":"298","author":"Vega","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2005.01.009","article-title":"Possibilities of reflectance spectroscopy for the assessment of contaminant elements in suburban soils","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1021\/es0492642","article-title":"Feasibility of reflectance spectroscopy for the assessment of soil mercury contamination","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1021\/es0624422","article-title":"Reflectance spectroscopy study of Cd contamination in the sediments of the Changjiang River, China","volume":"41","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/SS.0b013e3182114717","article-title":"Can contaminant elements in soils be assessed by remote sensing technology: A case study with simulated data","volume":"176","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-008-1520-9","article-title":"Qualitative analysis and mapping of heavy metals in an abandoned au\u2013ag mine area using NIR spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"Choe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.017","article-title":"Mapping of heavy metal pollution in stream sediments using combined geochemistry, field spectroscopy, and hyperspectral remote sensing: A case study of the Rodalquilar mining area, Se Spain","volume":"112","author":"Choe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(09)60167-3","article-title":"Estimation of as and cu contamination in agricultural soils around a mining area by reflectance spectroscopy: A case study","volume":"19","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ji, J., Song, Y., Yuan, X., and Yang, Z. (2010, January 1\u20136). Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy study of heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Changjiang River Delta, China. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"8","article-title":"Prediction of lead concentration in soil using reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Bruce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innovation."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.83.6.1221","article-title":"Gold-rich mesothermal vein deposits of the Republic of Korea; geochemical studies of the Jungwon gold area","volume":"83","author":"Shelton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.82.4.987","article-title":"Stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies of gold-and silver-bearing hydrothermal vein deposits, Cheonan-Cheongyang-Nonsan mining district, Republic of Korea; Cheonan area","volume":"82","author":"So","year":"1987","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202281","article-title":"Mesothermal gold vein mineralization of the Samdong mine, Youngdong mining district, Republic of Korea","volume":"30","author":"So","year":"1995","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1738.2005.00459.x","article-title":"Origin of mesozoic gold mineralization in South Korea","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Isl. Arc"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mesozoic granitoids and associated gold-silver mineralization in Korea","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Econ. Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"567","article-title":"Mesozoic gold-silver mineralization in South Korea: Metallogenic provinces reestimated to the geodynamic setting","volume":"39","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ. Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-009-0268-9","article-title":"Mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope constraints on mechanisms of ore deposition at the Samgwang mine (Republic of Korea)\u2014A mesothermal, vein-hosted gold\u2013silver deposit","volume":"45","author":"Yoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"177","article-title":"Element dispersion and wallrock alteration from Samgwang deposit","volume":"42","author":"Yoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.11108\/kagis.2014.17.3.195","article-title":"A study on the soil contamination (maps) using the handheld XRF and GIS in abandoned mining areas","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Geogr. Inf. Stud."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2008.13.1.033","article-title":"Contamination of stream and reservoir waters with arsenic from abandoned gold mine","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.5322\/JES.2007.16.12.1451","article-title":"Statistical assessment on the heavy metal variation in the soils around abandoned mine (case study for the Samgwang mine)","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-007-9109-x","article-title":"Contamination by Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in mine wastes from abandoned metal mines classified as mineralization types in Korea","volume":"30","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2011.07.002","article-title":"Arsenic stabilization in mine tailings using nano-sized magnetite and zero valent iron with the enhancement of mobility by surface coating","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Tenedero, R.A., and Surtida, M.B. (1986). Soil Sampling and Preparation for Laboratory Analysis, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.001","article-title":"Predicting in situ pasture quality in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, using continuum-removed absorption features","volume":"89","author":"Mutanga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00163-2","article-title":"Investigating a physical basis for spectroscopic estimates of leaf nitrogen concentration","volume":"75","author":"Kokaly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00084-4","article-title":"Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","volume":"67","author":"Kokaly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Owen, T. (1996). Fundamentals of UV-Visible Spectroscopy: A Primer, Hewlett-Packard Company."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Pontual, S., Merry, N., and Gamson, P. (2010). GMEX: Guides for Mineral Exploration: Spectral Interpretation Field Manual, AusSpec International Ltd."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Wise, R., Livo, K.E., Hoefen, T., Kokaly, R.F., and Sutley, S.J. (2018, August 22). USGS Digital Spectral Library Splib06a, Available online: http:\/\/speclab.cr.usgs.gov\/spectral.lib06."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokaly, R.F., Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Livo, K.E., Hoefen, T.M., Pearson, N.C., Wise, R.A., Benzel, W.M., Lowers, H.A., and Driscoll, R.L. (2018, August 22). USGS Spectral Library Version 7, Available online: https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/ds1035.","DOI":"10.3133\/ds1035"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.11.007","article-title":"The aster spectral library version 2.0","volume":"113","author":"Baldridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.10.023","article-title":"Effects of mercury on visible\/near-infrared reflectance spectra of mustard spinach plants (Brassica rapa P.)","volume":"148","author":"Dunagan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.04.007","article-title":"Comparison of multivariate methods for inferential modeling of soil carbon using visible\/near-infrared spectra","volume":"146","author":"Vasques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012962604095","article-title":"Relations between soil properties and selected heavy metal concentrations in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in contaminated soils","volume":"133","author":"Nan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(76)90065-1","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution, phosphatase activity, and mineralization of organic phosphorus in forest soils","volume":"8","author":"Tyler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.09.019","article-title":"The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants","volume":"159","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2010.3371","article-title":"Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals","volume":"95","author":"Whitney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spectroscopy of rocks and minerals, and principles of spectroscopy","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Rencz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Manual of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"307","article-title":"Interlaboratory comparison of spectrometric laboratory measurements of a chlorite rock sample","volume":"85","author":"Denk","year":"2017","journal-title":"PFG\u2013J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1021\/es9608104","article-title":"Adsorption and stability of arsenic (III) at the clay mineral\u2212 water interface","volume":"31","author":"Manning","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-1317(94)00030-T","article-title":"Heavy metals sorption\/desorption on competing clay minerals; an experimental study","volume":"9","author":"Rybicka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Reimann, C., Siewers, U., Tarvainen, T., Bityukova, L., Eriksson, J., Giucis, A., Gregorauskiene, V., Lukashev, V.K., Matinian, N.N., and Pasieczna, A. (2003). Agricultural Soils in Northern Europe: A Geochemical Atlas, E. Schweizerbart."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1180\/claymin.1989.024.2.14","article-title":"Chemical modeling of clay\/electrolyte interactions of montmorillonite","volume":"24","author":"Fletcher","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"242","article-title":"A spectroscopic approach to assess heavy metals","volume":"4","author":"Gannouni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geog. Inf. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/11\/1830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:30:37Z","timestamp":1760196637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/11\/1830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10111830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10111830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]}}}