{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:58:46Z","timestamp":1777035526911,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2016YFC0501107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2016YFC0501107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Project of Science and Technology Basic Work of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["No. 2014FY110800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2014FY110800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing need to monitor changes in the surface of the Earth requires a high-quality, accessible Digital Elevation Model (DEM) dataset, whose development has become a challenge in the field of Earth-related research. The purpose of this paper is to improve the overall accuracy of public domain DEMs by data fusion. Multi-scale decomposition is an important analytical method in data fusion. Three multi-scale decomposition methods\u2014the wavelet transform (WT), bidimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD), and nonlinear adaptive multi-scale decomposition (N-AMD)\u2014are applied to the 1-arc-second Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Global digital elevation model (SRTM-1 DEM) and the Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D\u201430 m digital surface model (AW3D30 DSM) in China. Of these, the WT and BEMD are popular image fusion methods. A new approach for DEM fusion is developed using N-AMD (which is originally invented to remove the cycle from sunspots). Subsequently, a window-based rule is proposed for the fusion of corresponding frequency components obtained by these methods. Quantitative results show that N-AMD is more suitable for multi-scale fusion of multi-source DEMs, taking the Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) global land surface altimetry data as a reference. The fused DEMs offer significant improvements of 29.6% and 19.3% in RMSE at a mountainous site, and 27.4% and 15.5% over a low-relief region, compared to the SRTM-1 and AW3D30, respectively. Furthermore, a slope position-based linear regression method is developed to calibrate the fused DEM for different slope position classes, by investigating the distribution of the fused DEM error with topography. The results indicate that the accuracy of the DEM calibrated by this method is improved by 16% and 13.6%, compared to the fused DEM in the mountainous region and low-relief region, respectively, proving that it is a practical and simple means of further increasing the accuracy of the fused DEM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T09:18:25Z","timestamp":1542878305000},"page":"1861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Improving the Accuracy of Open Source Digital Elevation Models with Multi-Scale Fusion and a Slope Position-Based Linear Regression Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaogang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengfu","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information and Tourism College, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shubi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Department, Shenhua Group Corporation Limited, Beijing 100011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2483483","article-title":"A Caution on the Use of Surface Digital Elevation Models to Simulate Supraglacial Hydrology of the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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