{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:07:32Z","timestamp":1760242052921,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"High Resolution Earth Observation System of the National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["11-Y20A05-9001-15\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11-Y20A05-9001-15\/16"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan of China","award":["2017YFB0503905-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503905-05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snow cover is an essential climate variable of the Global Climate Observing System. Gaofen-4 (GF-4) is the first Chinese geostationary satellite to obtain optical imagery with high spatial and temporal resolution, which presents unique advantages in snow cover monitoring. However, the panchromatic and multispectral sensor (PMS) onboard GF-4 lacks the shortwave infrared (SWIR) band, which is crucial for snow cover detection. To reach the potential of GF-4 PMS in snow cover monitoring, this study developed a novel method termed the restored snow index (RSI). The SWIR reflectance of snow cover is restored firstly, and then the RSI is calculated with the restored reflectance. The distribution of snow cover can be mapped with a threshold, which should be adjusted according to actual situations. The RSI was validated using two pairs of GF-4 PMS and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager images. The validation results show that the RSI can effectively map the distribution of snow cover in these cases, and all of the classification accuracies are above 95%. Signal saturation slightly affects PMS images, but cloud contamination is an important limiting factor. Therefore, we propose that the RSI is an efficient method for monitoring snow cover from GF-4 PMS imagery without requiring the SWIR reflectance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1542975628000},"page":"1871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Snow Cover Monitoring with Chinese Gaofen-4 PMS Imagery and the Restored Snow Index (RSI) Method: Case Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9104-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Geographical Information Basic Software and Application, State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Integration and 3S Application, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huazhong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Geographical Information Basic Software and Application, State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Integration and 3S Application, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Geographical Information Basic Software and Application, State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Integration and 3S Application, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Geographical Information Basic Software and Application, State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Integration and 3S Application, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-765-2017","article-title":"Overview of NASA\u2019s MODIS and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) snow-cover Earth System Data Records","volume":"9","author":"Riggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. 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