{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:43:53Z","timestamp":1780605833067,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Local Research Group Program under Project RG-1435-055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Local Research Group Program under Project RG-1435-055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we propose a multi-branch neural network, called MB-Net, for solving the problem of knowledge adaptation from multiple remote sensing scene datasets acquired with different sensors over diverse locations and manually labeled with different experts. Our aim is to learn invariant feature representations from multiple source domains with labeled images and one target domain with unlabeled images. To this end, we define for MB-Net an objective function that mitigates the multiple domain shifts at both feature representation and decision levels, while retaining the ability to discriminate between different land-cover classes. The complete architecture is trainable end-to-end via the backpropagation algorithm. In the experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on a new multiple domain dataset created from four heterogonous scene datasets well known to the remote sensing community, namely, the University of California (UC-Merced) dataset, the Aerial Image dataset (AID), the PatternNet dataset, and the Northwestern Polytechnical University (NWPU) dataset. In particular, this method boosts the average accuracy over all transfer scenarios up to 89.05% compared to standard architecture based only on cross-entropy loss, which yields an average accuracy of 78.53%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T12:17:35Z","timestamp":1543321055000},"page":"1890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Learning a Multi-Branch Neural Network from Multiple Sources for Knowledge Adaptation in Remote Sensing Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-9746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad M.","family":"Al Rahhal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science Department, College of Applied Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yakoub","family":"Bazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taghreed","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Studies in Computer Science, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed L.","family":"Mekhalfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Faculty of Technology, University of Batna, Batna 05000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haikel","family":"AlHichri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Zuair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000103853","article-title":"Remote sensing of tropical forest environments: Towards the monitoring of environmental resources for sustainable development","volume":"24","author":"Foody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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