{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:22:57Z","timestamp":1774938177411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTA2010-0126-C02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTA2010-0126-C02-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007652","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTA2013-0057-C05-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTA2013-0057-C05-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Mediterranean regions usually apply organic or mineral fertilizers before seeding that are supplemented with mineral nitrogen (N) later in the season. In general, the midseason N is applied without consideration of the actual crop N status, which may lead to over-fertilization and associated environmental problems. Thus, the purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a N recommendation approach using aerial images for Mediterranean paddy rice systems. A two-year rice field experiment was established in northeastern Spain, with different rates of pig slurry (PS) and mineral N fertilizer. Multispectral aerial images were taken at the rice booting stage, and several vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated. The VIs showed strong relationships with yield and the relations significantly differed between the PS and mineral fertilization treatments. The strongest relations with yield were obtained with gMCARINIR, proposed in this study, (R2 = 0.67), GNDVI (R2 = 0.64) and MCARINIR (R2 = 0.64), indicating the importance of including the green band information. The N recommendation approach generated using the VIs information showed a high success (87.5%) in the preliminary evaluation. The economic and environmental analysis showed that this approach provides a useful tool when compared to the usual farmer practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T11:47:53Z","timestamp":1543492073000},"page":"1908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Agronomic and Economic Potential of Vegetation Indices for Rice N Recommendations under Organic and Mineral Fertilization in Mediterranean Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3918-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Moreno-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Suelos y Riegos (asociada a EEAD-CSIC), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n, Avda Monta\u00f1ana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"231 ENGR Hall, Biological &amp;Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4458-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00aa Auxiliadora","family":"Casterad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Suelos y Riegos (asociada a EEAD-CSIC), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n, Avda Monta\u00f1ana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Suelos y Riegos (asociada a EEAD-CSIC), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n, Avda Monta\u00f1ana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolores","family":"Qu\u00edlez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Suelos y Riegos (asociada a EEAD-CSIC), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria de Arag\u00f3n, Avda Monta\u00f1ana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Trends in global rice consumption","volume":"12","author":"Mohanty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rice Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(97)00140-8","article-title":"Opportunities for increased nitrogen-use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems","volume":"56","author":"Cassman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"FAOSTAT (2015, March 26). Crops Production. Available online: http:\/\/faostat3.fao.org\/home\/E."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"MAPAMA (2018, January 27). Superficies y Producciones de Cereales. A\u00f1o 2016. Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentaci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente. Available online: http:\/\/www.magrama.gob.es\/es\/estadistica\/temas\/estadisticas-agrarias\/agricultura\/superficies-producciones-anuales-cultivos\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"MAPAMA (2018, January 27). Encuestas ganaderas 2016. Ganado Porcino. Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentaci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente. Available online: http:\/\/www.magrama.gob.es\/es\/estadistica\/temas\/estadisticas-agrarias\/ganaderia\/encuestas-ganaderas\/#para4."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond, J.A., and Bollich, P.K. (2007). Yield and quality response to rice cultivars to preflood and late-season nitrogen. Crop Manag., Available online: www.plantmanagementnetwork.org\/cm\/.","DOI":"10.1094\/CM-2007-0122-03-RS"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2017.01.023","article-title":"Response of paddy rice to fertilisation with pig slurry in northeast Spain: Strategies to optimise nitrogen use efficiency","volume":"208","year":"2017","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wilson, C., Slaton, N., Norman, R., and Miller, D. (2001). Efficient use of fertilizer. Rice Production Handbook, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2005.0391","article-title":"Challenging approaches to nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in continuous cropping systems in the Great Plains","volume":"97","author":"Schlegel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1626\/pps.15.284","article-title":"Effects of the Long-Term Application of Anaerobically-Digested Cattle Manure on Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Soil Fertility in Warmer Region of Japan","volume":"15","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2007.B0208","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies on nitrogen use efficiency in physiology, recovery, and agronomy and redistribution of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in two typical rice cultivars in Zhejiang, China","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:2002065","article-title":"Management of nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat and potato crops using the chlorophyll meter for crop nitrogen status assessment","volume":"22","author":"Denuit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agronomie"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Isla, R., Valent\u00edn, F., Qu\u00edlez, D., Guill\u00e9n, M., Aibar, J., and Maturano, M. (2012, January 14\u201318). Comparison of decision tools to improve the nitrogen management in irrigated maize under mediterranean conditions in Spain. Proceedings of the 16th ASA Conference, Armidale, Australia."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4290(96)00018-4","article-title":"Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on high-yielding irrigated rice","volume":"47","author":"Peng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-012-0094-9","article-title":"Active canopy sensor-based precision N management strategy for rice","volume":"32","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Q., Miao, Y., Shen, J., Yu, W., Yuan, F., Cheng, S., Huang, S., Wang, H., Yang, W., and Liu, F. (2015). Improving in-season estimation of rice yield potential and responsiveness to topdressing nitrogen application with Crop Circle active crop canopy sensor. Precis. Agric.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-015-9412-y"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10646","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810646","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing-based in-season diagnosis of rice nitrogen status in Northeast China","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302971","article-title":"Intercomparison of UAV, aircraft and satellite remote sensing platforms for precision viticulture","volume":"7","author":"Matese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1626\/pps.17.66","article-title":"Comparison of five nitrogen dressing methods to optimize rice growth","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2008.05.005","article-title":"Recommendations for nitrogen fertiliser topdressing rates in rice using canopy reflectance spectra","volume":"100","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-013-9326-5","article-title":"Topdressing nitrogen recommendation for early rice with an active sensor in south China","volume":"15","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(97)00064-6","article-title":"Monitoring rice reflectance at field level for estimating biomass and LAI","volume":"55","author":"Casanova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.09.023","article-title":"Hyperspectral canopy sensing of paddy rice aboveground biomass at different growth stages","volume":"155","author":"Gnyp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049009354279","article-title":"Usefulness of the temporal analysis and the normalized difference in the study of rice by means of landsat-5 TM images: Establishment of Relationships for Yield Prediction Purpose","volume":"5","author":"Gilabert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4489","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2496358","article-title":"Combined Use of Airborne LiDAR and Satellite GF-1 Data to Estimate Leaf Area Index, Height, and Aboveground Biomass of Maize during Peak Growing Season","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultana, S.R., Ali, A., Ahmad, A., Mubeen, M., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Ahmad, S., Ercisli, S., and Jaafar, H.Z.E. (2014). Normalized difference vegetation index as a tool for wheat yield estimation: A case study from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Sci. World J., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/725326"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904332","article-title":"The use of multi-temporal NDVI measurements from AVHRR data for crop yield estimation and prediction","volume":"14","author":"Quarmby","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2002.8150","article-title":"Improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereal grain production with optical sensing and variable rate application","volume":"94","author":"Raun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2011.0202","article-title":"Estimating Rice Grain Yield Potential Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","volume":"103","author":"Harrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00072-7","article-title":"Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS","volume":"58","author":"Gitelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.013","article-title":"Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture","volume":"90","author":"Haboudane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00113-9","article-title":"Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance","volume":"74","author":"Daughtry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.08.005","article-title":"Non-destructive estimation of rice plant nitrogen status with Crop Circle multispectral active canopy sensor","volume":"154","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2679159","article-title":"Downstream services for rice crop monitoring in Europe: From regional to local scale","volume":"10","author":"Busetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.08.008","article-title":"An operational workflow to assess rice nutritional status based on satellite imagery and smartphone apps","volume":"154","author":"Nutini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.04.019","article-title":"Development of an app for estimating leaf area index using a smartphone. Trueness and precision determination and comparison with other indirect methods","volume":"96","author":"Confalonieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2015.04.013","article-title":"Improving invivo plant nitrogen content estimates from digital images: Trueness and precision of a new approach as compared to other methods and commercial devices","volume":"135","author":"Confalonieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8634(91)80039-H","article-title":"The fertilizer value of agricultural manure: Simple rapid methods of assessment","volume":"49","author":"Piccinini","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2011.0352","article-title":"On-farm Measurement of Electrical Conductivity for the Estimation of Ammonium Nitrogen Concentration in Pig Slurry","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2307\/1936256","article-title":"Derivation of Leaf-Area Index from Quality of Light on the Forest Floor","volume":"50","author":"Jordan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1626\/jcs.54.261","article-title":"Spectral ratio of reflectance for estimating chlorophyll content of leaf","volume":"54","author":"Inada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W.J., Hass, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (1973, January 10\u201314). Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Proceedings of the Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90004-X","article-title":"Monitoring corn and soybean crop development with hand-held radiometer spectral data","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"27","article-title":"Large-area rice yield forecasting using satellite imageries","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1990.00021962008200010030x","article-title":"Comparison of models for describing corn yield response to nitrogen-fertilizer","volume":"82","author":"Cerrato","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Dixon, W.J. (1985). BMDP Statistical Software Manual, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"IAEST (2016, March 08). Precios Pagados por los Agricultores. Coyuntura Agraria de Arag\u00f3n. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural y Sostenibilidad. Available online: http:\/\/www.aragon.es\/DepartamentosOrganismosPublicos\/Institutos\/InstitutoAragonesEstadistica\/AreasTematicas\/10_Precios\/ci.08_Precios_agrarios.detalleDepartamento."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2362","article-title":"Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1272-6","article-title":"Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) balance under long-term application of fertilizer and manure in a tropical rice-rice system","volume":"16","author":"Shahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Soils Sed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, W., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Dai, X., Sun, X., Qiu, W., and Yang, F. (2012). Effect of Different Fertilizer Application on the Soil Fertility of Paddy Soils in Red Soil Region of Southern China. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044504"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(09)60168-5","article-title":"Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in a Subtropical Paddy Soil","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2004.0162","article-title":"Predicting rice yield using canopy reflectance measured at booting stage","volume":"97","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agron. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/12\/1908\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:19Z","timestamp":1760196799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/12\/1908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10121908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10121908","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}}}