{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:24:47Z","timestamp":1773750287446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Himalayan glaciers, in general, are shrinking and glacial lakes are evolving and growing rapidly in number and size as a result of climate change. This study presents the latest remote sensing-based inventory (2017) of glacial lakes (size \u22650.0036 km2) across the Nepal Himalaya using optical satellite data. Furthermore, this study traces the decadal glacial lake dynamics from 1977 to 2017 in the Nepal Himalaya. The decadal mapping of glacial lakes (both glacial-fed and nonglacial-fed) across the Nepal Himalaya reveals an increase in the number and area of lakes from 1977 to 2017, with 606 (55.53 \u00b1 16.52 km2), 1137 (64.56 \u00b1 11.64 km2), 1228 (68.87 \u00b1 12.18 km2), 1489 (74.2 \u00b1 14.22 km2), and 1541 (80.95 \u00b1 15.25 km2) glacial lakes being mapped in 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017, respectively. Glacial lakes show heterogeneous rates of expansion in different river basins and elevation zones of Nepal, with apparent decadal emergences and disappearances. Overall, the glacial lakes exhibited ~25% expansion of surface areas from 1987 to 2017. For the period from 1987 to 2017, proglacial lakes with ice contact, among others, exhibited the highest incremental changes in terms of number (181%) and surface area (82%). The continuous amplified mass loss of glaciers, as reported in Central Himalaya, is expected to accompany glacial lake expansion in the future, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). We emphasize that the rapidly increasing glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya can pose potential GLOF threats to downstream population and infrastructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T11:47:53Z","timestamp":1543492073000},"page":"1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya: Inventory and Decadal Dynamics (1977\u20132017)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0454-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitesh","family":"Khadka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5278-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudeep","family":"Thakuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2015.05.013","article-title":"An Inventory of Glacial Lakes in the Third Pole Region and Their Changes in Response to Global Warming","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2010.10.003","article-title":"Contrasted Evolution of Glacial Lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya Mountain Range between 1990 and 2009","volume":"75","author":"Gardelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580","article-title":"Different Glacier Status with Atmospheric Circulations in Tibetan Plateau and Surroundings","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ives, J.D., Shrestha, R.B., and Mool, P.K. (2010). Formation of Glacial Lakes in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas and Glof Risk Assessment, ICIMOD.","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.521"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bajracharya, S.R., Mool, P.K., and Shrestha, B.R. (2007). Impact of Climate Change on Himalayan Glaciers and Glacial Lakes: Case Studies on Glof and Associated Hazards in Nepal and Bhutan, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02901744","article-title":"Glacier Variations and Climate Warming and Drying in the Central Himalayas","volume":"49","author":"Ren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutz, A., Immerzeel, W., Bajracharya, S., Litt, M., and Shrestha, A. (2016). Impacts of Climate Change on the Cryosphere, Hydrological Regimes and Glacial Lakes of the Hindu Kush Himalayas: A Review of Current Knowledge, ICIMOD. ICIMOD Working Paper (Nepal) Eng No. 2016\/3.","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.635"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(99)00035-X","article-title":"An Overview of Glacial Hazards in the Himalayas","volume":"65","author":"Richardson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.11.008","article-title":"A Regional-Scale Assessment of Himalayan Glacial Lake Changes Using Satellite Observations from 1990 to 2015","volume":"189","author":"Nie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3338-y","article-title":"Spatial Change Detection of Glacial Lakes in the Koshi River Basin, the Central Himalayas","volume":"72","author":"Shijin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2018.02.002","article-title":"An Inventory of Historical Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Himalayas Based on Remote Sensing Observations and Geomorphological Analysis","volume":"308","author":"Nie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1661-2014","article-title":"Changes in Imja Tsho in the Mount Everest Region of Nepal","volume":"8","author":"McKinney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/00291950903368367","article-title":"Evaluating the Growth Characteristics of a Glacial Lake and Its Degree of Danger of Outburst Flooding: Imja Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal","volume":"63","author":"Watanabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr. J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.07.001","article-title":"A Global Assessment of the Societal Impacts of Glacier Outburst Floods","volume":"144","author":"Carrivick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"319","article-title":"Glacier Lakes and Outburst Floods in the Nepal Himalaya","volume":"218","author":"Yamada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Publ. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-1195-2018","article-title":"Climate Change and the Global Pattern of Moraine-Dammed Glacial Lake Outburst Floods","volume":"12","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.04.001","article-title":"Glacial Lake Distribution in the Mount Everest Region: Uncertainty of Measurement and Conditions of Formation","volume":"92","author":"Salerno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-8-1329-2008","article-title":"Identification of Glacier Motion and Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes in the Mt. Everest Region\/Nepal Using Spaceborne Imagery","volume":"8","author":"Bolch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2006.07.013","article-title":"Early Recognition of Glacial Lake Hazards in the Himalaya Using Remote Sensing Datasets","volume":"56","author":"Quincey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ICIMOD (2011). Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lakes Outburst Floods in Nepal, ICIMOD."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2307\/3673729","article-title":"Rapid Growth of a Glacial Lake in Khumbu Himal, Himalaya: Prospects for a Catastrophic Flood","volume":"14","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/19475701003668968","article-title":"Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk Assessment of Sun Koshi Basin, Nepal","volume":"1","author":"Shrestha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rounce, D.R., Watson, C.S., and McKinney, D.C. (2017). Identification of Hazard and Risk for Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya Using Satellite Imagery from 2000\u20132015. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070654"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2014.994116","article-title":"A Comprehensive Approach and Methods for Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk Assessment, with Examples from Nepal and the Transboundary Area","volume":"31","author":"Khanal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00009","article-title":"Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk in the Poiqu\/Bhote Koshi\/Sun Koshi River Basin in the Central Himalayas","volume":"35","author":"Khanal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2014.931306","article-title":"Assessment of Glacial Lake Development and Prospects of Outburst Susceptibility: Chamlang South Glacier, Eastern Nepal Himalaya","volume":"7","author":"Lamsal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-795-2013","article-title":"On the Water Hazards in the Trans-Boundary Kosi River Basin","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209443","article-title":"Characteristics of Debris Flow Caused by Outburst of Glacial Lake in Boqu River, Xizang, China, 1981","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"1988","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.11.012","article-title":"Changes in Glacial Lakes and Glaciers of Post-1986 in the Poiqu River Basin, Nyalam, Xizang (Tibet)","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Qiu, J. (2018, October 23). Glacial Lakes Threaten Himalayan Dams. Scientific American. Available online: https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/glacial-lakes-threaten-himalayan-dams\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"DOED (2018, October 23). List of Issued Generation Licenses, Available online: http:\/\/doed.gov.np\/construction_license_for_generation.php."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-407-2017","article-title":"Spatial Variability in Mass Loss of Glaciers in the Everest Region, Central Himalayas, between 2000 and 2015","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Nie, Y., Liu, Q., Wang, J., Liu, L., Hassan, J., Liu, X., and Xu, X. (2018). Glacier Change, Supraglacial Debris Expansion and Glacial Lake Evolution in the Gyirong River Basin, Central Himalayas, between 1988 and 2015. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10070986"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mool, P.K., Bajracharya, S.R., and Joshi, S.P. (2001). Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods: Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region, Nepal, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.1018"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.37","article-title":"Stagnation and Mass Loss on a Himalayan Debris-Covered Glacier: Processes, Patterns and Rates","volume":"62","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, Y., Liu, Q., and Liu, S. (2013). Glacial Lake Expansion in the Central Himalayas by Landsat Images, 1990\u20132010. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083973"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Himalayas: The Collided Range. Present Knowledge of the Continental Arc","volume":"275","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1229-2015","article-title":"Weak Precipitation, Warm Winters and Springs Impact Glaciers of South Slopes of Mt. Everest (Central Himalaya) in the Last 2 Decades (1994\u20132013)","volume":"9","author":"Salerno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(20000315)20:3<317::AID-JOC476>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Precipitation Fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and Its Vicinity and Relationship with Some Large Scale Climatological Parameters","volume":"20","author":"Shrestha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.10.018","article-title":"Flow Regimes of Himalayan Rivers of Nepal: Nature and Spatial Patterns","volume":"308","author":"Hannah","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"CBS Nepal (2012). National Population and Housing Census 2011."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajracharya, S.R., Maharjan, S.B., Shrestha, F., Bajracharya, O.R., and Baidya, S. (2014). Glacier Status in Nepal and Decadal Change from 1980 to 2010 Based on Landsat Data, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.","DOI":"10.53055\/ICIMOD.591"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.025","article-title":"Detecting Himalayan Glacial Lake Outburst Floods from Landsat Time Series","volume":"207","author":"Veh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.001","article-title":"Landsat-8: Science and Product Vision for Terrestrial Global Change Research","volume":"145","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.09.011","article-title":"Glacier and Glacial Lake Changes and Their Relationship in the Context of Climate Change, Central Tibetan Plateau 1972\u20132010","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.04.001","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Development of High-Mountain Lakes in the Headwaters of the Amu Darya River (Central Asia)","volume":"107","author":"Mergili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.657370","article-title":"An Automated Scheme for Glacial Lake Dynamics Mapping Using Landsat Imagery and Digital Elevation Models: A Case Study in the Himalayas","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-016-4230-x","article-title":"Decadal Glacial Lake Changes in the Koshi Basin, Central Himalaya, from 1977 to 2010, Derived from Landsat Satellite Images","volume":"14","author":"Shrestha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044052","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/4\/044052","article-title":"Changes of Glacial Lakes and Implications in Tian Shan, Central Asia, Based on Remote Sensing Data from 1990 to 2010","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10199","article-title":"Rapid Expansion of Glacial Lakes Caused by Climate and Glacier Retreat in the Central Himalayas","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.11.043","article-title":"Glacial Lakes in the Indian Himalayas\u2014From an Area-Wide Glacial Lake Inventory to On-Site and Modeling Based Risk Assessment of Critical Glacial Lakes","volume":"468","author":"Worni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The Use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (Ndwi) in the Delineation of Open Water Features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"Ndwi\u2014A Normalized Difference Water Index for Remote Sensing of Vegetation Liquid Water from Space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10232","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61010232","article-title":"The Spectral Response of the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager","volume":"6","author":"Barsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.83.7.509","article-title":"Automated Water Classification in the Tibetan Plateau Using Chinese Gf-1 Wfv Data","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Ghimire, B. (2018, October 15). Glacial Lake at Just 2,546m, Govt yet to Fathom Its Potential, The Kathmandu Post, Available online: http:\/\/kathmandupost.ekantipur.com\/news\/2015-04-08\/glacial-lake-at-just-2546m-govt-yet-to-fathom-its-potential.html."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-1827-2013","article-title":"Potential Flood Volume of Himalayan Glacial Lakes","volume":"13","author":"Fujita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Sys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.05.006","article-title":"Contrasting Geometric and Dynamic Evolution of Lake and Land-Terminating Glaciers in the Central Himalaya","volume":"167","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Reynolds, J.M. (2000). On the Formation of Supraglacial Lakes on Debris-Covered Glaciers, IAHS Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.04.008","article-title":"The Dynamics of Supraglacial Ponds in the Everest Region, Central Himalaya","volume":"142","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Tracing Glacier Changes Since the 1960s on the South Slope of Mt. Everest (Central Southern Himalaya) Using Optical Satellite Imagery","volume":"8","author":"Thakuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.03.008","article-title":"Response of Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Mount Everest Region to Recent Warming, and Implications for Outburst Flood Hazards","volume":"114","author":"Benn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.12.002","article-title":"Heterogeneous Glacial Lake Changes and Links of Lake Expansions to the Rapid Thinning of Adjacent Glacier Termini in the Himalayas","volume":"280","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haritashy, U.K., Kargel, J.S., Shugar, D.H., Leonard, G.J., Strattman, K., Watson, C.S., Shean, D., Harrison, S., Mandli, K.T., and Regmi, D. (2018). Evolution and Controls of Large Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050798"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.120","article-title":"Spatial, Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Supraglacial Ponds in the Langtang Valley of Nepal, 1999\u20132013","volume":"63","author":"Miles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00044.1","article-title":"Using Remote Sensing Data to Quantify Changes in Glacial Lakes in the Chinese Himalaya","volume":"32","author":"Xin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Bajracharya, S.R. (2008). Change in Glacial Environment of Everest Region, Nepal, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.06.054","article-title":"Glacial Lake Evolution in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau and the Cause of Rapid Expansion of Proglacial Lakes Linked to Glacial-Hydrogeomorphic Processes","volume":"540","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"DHM (2017). Observed Climatic Trend Analysis in the Districts and Physiographic Zones of Nepal (1971\u20132014), Department of Hydrology and Meteorology."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-1433-2016","article-title":"Glacier Melting and Precipitation Trends Detected by Surface Area Changes in Himalayan Ponds","volume":"10","author":"Salerno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<2775:MTTITH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Maximum Temperature Trends in the Himalaya and Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based on Temperature Records from Nepal for the Period 1971\u20131994","volume":"12","author":"Shrestha","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J184","article-title":"The Influence of Debris Cover and Glacial Lakes on the Recession of Glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India","volume":"59","author":"Basnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2007.02.002","article-title":"Calving Processes and the Dynamics of Calving Glaciers","volume":"82","author":"Benn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3189\/2016AoG71A063","article-title":"Factors Controlling the Accelerated Expansion of Imja Lake, Mount Everest Region, Nepal","volume":"57","author":"Thakuri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1105-2015","article-title":"Modelling Glacier Change in the Everest Region, Nepal Himalaya","volume":"9","author":"Shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/12\/1913\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:23Z","timestamp":1760196803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/12\/1913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10121913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10121913","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}}}