{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:06:58Z","timestamp":1760242018820,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["638822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["638822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meteosat First-Generation satellites have acquired more than 30 years of observations that could potentially be used for the generation of a Climate Data Record. The availability of harmonized and accurate a Fundamental Climate Data Record is a prerequisite to such generation. Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager radiometers suffer from inaccurate pre-launch spectral function characterization and spectral ageing constitutes a serious limitation to achieve such prerequisite. A new method was developed for the retrieval of the pre-launch instrument spectral function and its ageing. This recovery method relies on accurately simulated top-of-atmosphere spectral radiances matching observed digital count values. This paper describes how these spectral radiances are simulated over pseudo-invariant targets such as open ocean, deep convective clouds and bright desert surface. The radiative properties of these targets are described with a limited number of parameters of known uncertainty. Typically, a single top-of-atmosphere radiance spectrum can be simulated with an estimated uncertainty of about 5%. The independent evaluation of the simulated radiance accuracy is also addressed in this paper. It includes two aspects: the comparison with narrow-band well-calibrated radiometers and a spectral consistency analysis using SEVIRI\/HRVIS band on board Meteosat Second Generation which was accurately characterized pre-launch. On average, the accuracy of these simulated spectral radiances is estimated to be about \u00b12%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T12:22:00Z","timestamp":1544012520000},"page":"1959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Climate Data Records from Meteosat First Generation Part I: Simulation of Accurate Top-of-Atmosphere Spectral Radiance over Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites for the Retrieval of the In-Flight Visible Spectral Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9476-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves M.","family":"Govaerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rayference, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"R\u00fcthrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eumetsat, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viju O.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eumetsat, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6857-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Quast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FastOpt, 22767 Hamburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699211273","article-title":"Correction of the Meteosat-5 and -6 VIS band relative spectral response with Meteosat-7 characteristics","volume":"20","author":"Govaerts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. 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