{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:21:53Z","timestamp":1760523713913,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61631019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61631019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction method for a spinning target is proposed in this paper and the anisotropy is overcome by fusing different observation information acquired from the radar network. The proposed method will reconstruct the 3D scattering distribution, and the mapping of the reconstructed 3D image onto the imaging plane is identical to the two-dimensional (2D) imaging result. At first, the range compression and inverse radon transform is employed to produce the 2D image of the spinning target. In addition, the process of mapping the spinning target onto the imaging plane is analyzed and the mapping formulas which are to map the point onto the 2D image plane are derived. After the micro-Doppler signature about which every reconstructed point in 2D imaging result is extracted by the Radon transform, the extended Hough transform is adopted to calculate an important parameter about the micro-Doppler signature, and the 3D image reconstruction model for the spinning target is constructed based on the radar network. Finally, the algorithm for solving the reconstruction model is proposed and the 3D image of the spinning target is obtained. Some simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and results show that the mean square error (MSE) relatively holds a steady trend when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is higher than \u221210 dB and the MSE of the reconstructed 3D target image is less than 0.15 when SNR is at the level of \u221210 dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T11:31:16Z","timestamp":1544441476000},"page":"1997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Images Based on Estimation of Spinning Target Parameters in Radar Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"},{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"},{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"},{"name":"The Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"given":"Yi-jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Engineering University of CAPF, Xi\u2019an 710089, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, N., Baumann, M., Ehammer, A., and Rasmus, F. (2016). A Review of the Application of Optical and Radar Remote Sensing Data Fusion to Land Use Mapping and Monitoring. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010070"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.C., Li, G., Zhang, Q., and Sun, J. (2017). Refocusing of Moving Targets in SAR Images via Parametric Sparse Representation. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080795"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadjadi, F.A. (2014, January 1). New experiments in inverse synthetic aperture radar image exploitation for maritime surveillance. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2053797"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2301158","article-title":"ISAR Imaging of Maneuvering Target Based on the Local Polynomial Wigner Distribution and Integrated High-Order Ambiguity Function for Cubic Phase Signal Model","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.S., Yang, W., Chen, Z.M., Zhao, Z.Q., Hu, H.Q., and Qi, C.H. (2018). A Novel Adaptive Joint Time Frequency Algorithm by the Neural Network for the ISAR Rotational Compensation. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020334"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0345","article-title":"Multiple-input\u2013multiple-output radar super-resolution three-dimensional imaging based on a dimension-reduction compressive sensing","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2016.0049","article-title":"Three-dimensional super resolution ISAR imaging based on 2D unitary ESPRIT scattering centre extraction technique","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2095423","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Target Geometry and Target Motion Estimation Method Using Multistatic ISAR Movies and Its Performance","volume":"49","author":"Suwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2016.0233","article-title":"Super-resolution 3D imaging in MIMO radar using spectrum estimation theory","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2535362","article-title":"3D Geometry and Motion Estimations of Maneuvering Targets for Interferometric ISAR with Sparse Aperture","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130210","article-title":"3D interferometric ISAR imaging of noncooperative targets","volume":"50","author":"Martorella","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2329004","article-title":"High-Resolution 3D Imaging of Precession Cone-Shaped Targets","volume":"62","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2431119","article-title":"High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of Space Targets in Micromotion","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2017.0009","article-title":"Time-varying three-dimensional interferometric imaging for space rotating targets with stepped-frequency chirp signal","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, Y.X., Wei, S.M., Wang, J., and Mao, S.Y. (2017). 3D Imaging of Rapidly Spinning Space Targets Based on a Factorization Method. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020366"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2668058","article-title":"High-resolution Imaging and Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Precession Targets by Exploiting Sparse Apertures","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.110545","article-title":"Three-dimensional precession feature extraction of space targets","volume":"50","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.909086","article-title":"High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Radar Imaging for Rapidly Spinning Targets","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, X.R., Li, Y.G., and Huang, P. (2016, January 10\u201315). High-resolution 3-D imaging of micromotion targets from RID image series. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730312"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2271875","article-title":"A Novel Model for Three-Dimensional Imaging Using Interferometric ISAR in Any Curved Target Flight Path","volume":"52","author":"Nasirian","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1772","article-title":"A Novel ISAR Imaging Algorithm for Micromotion Targets Based on Multiple Sparse Bayesian Learning","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Varshney, K.R. (2004). Joint Anisotropy Characterization and Image Formation in Wide-Angle Synthetic Aperture Radar. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.110750","article-title":"High-resolution 3-D imaging of group rotating targets","volume":"50","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1300.2013.13039","article-title":"Resolution and Micro-Doppler Effect in Bi-ISAR System","volume":"2","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kim, A.J., Dogan, S., Fisher, J.W., Moses, R.L., and Willsky, A.S. (2000, January 24). Attributing scatterer anisotropy for model-based ATR. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2440911","article-title":"ISAR Imaging for Fluctuating Ships Based on a Fast Bilinear Parameter Estimation Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.6034649","article-title":"High Resolution ISAR Imaging of Targets with Rotating Parts","volume":"47","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"17","article-title":"Performance Analysis on ISAR Imaging of Space Targets","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W.Z., Xu, S.Y., Hu, P.J., Zou, J.W., and Chen, Z.P. (2018). Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging of Targets with Complex Motion based on Optimized Non-Uniform Rotation Transform. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040593"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130702","article-title":"Bistatic three-dimensional interferometric ISAR image reconstruction","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"609","article-title":"Micro-Doppler Feature Extraction and Recognition Based on Netted Radar for Ballistic Targets","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2737988","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Reconstruction from a Multiview Sequence of Sparse ISAR Imaging of a Space Target","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.907105","article-title":"Imaging of a Moving Target with Rotating Parts Based on the Hough Transform","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/12\/1997\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:32:46Z","timestamp":1760196766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/10\/12\/1997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs10121997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10121997","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]}}}