{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T21:10:38Z","timestamp":1778965838067,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Grant No. XDA2006030201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. XDA2006030201"]}]},{"name":"the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong, China","award":["Grant No. 720 ts201712071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 720 ts201712071"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid cropland reclamation is underway in Cold China in response to increases in food demand, while the lack analyses of time series cropping pattern mappings limits our understanding of the acute transformation process of cropland structure and associated environmental effects. The Cold China contains different agricultural systems (state and private farming), and such systems could lead to different cropping patterns. So far, such changes have not been revealed yet. Based on the Landsat images, this study tracked cropping information in five-year increments (1990\u20131995, 1995\u20132000, 2000\u20132005, 2005\u20132010, and 2010\u20132015) and predicted future patterns for the period of 2020\u20132050 under different agricultural systems using developed method for determining cropland patterns. The following results were obtained: The available time series of Landsat images in Cold China met the requirements for long-term cropping pattern studies, and the developed method exhibited high accuracy (over 91%) and obtained precise spatial information. A new satellite evidence was observed that cropping patterns significantly differed between the two farm types, with paddy field in state farming expanding at a faster rate (from 2.66 to 68.56%) than those in private farming (from 10.12 to 34.98%). More than 70% of paddy expansion was attributed to the transformation of upland crop in each period at the pixel level, which led to a greater loss of upland crop in state farming than private farming (9505.66 km2 vs. 2840.29 km2) during 1990\u20132015. Rapid cropland reclamation is projected to stagnate in 2020, while paddy expansion will continue until 2040 primarily in private farming in Cold China. This study provides new evidence for different land use change pattern mechanisms between different agricultural systems, and the results have significant implications for understanding and guiding agricultural system development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T10:54:26Z","timestamp":1544612066000},"page":"2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Time Tracking of Different Cropping Patterns Using Landsat Images under Different Agricultural Systems during 1990\u20132050 in Cold China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-information, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Royal Meteorological Institute, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4866-1441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"De Maeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-information, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alishir","family":"Kurban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-information, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafiq","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Royal Meteorological Institute, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoming","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1082-6","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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