{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T12:52:26Z","timestamp":1775307146403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2017-88200-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2017-88200-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital terrain models (DTMs) are a fundamental source of information in Earth sciences. DTM-based studies, however, can contain remarkable biases if limitations and inaccuracies in these models are disregarded. In this work, four freely available datasets, including Shuttle Radar Topography Mission C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SRTM C-SAR V3 DEM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Map (ASTER GDEM V2), and two nationwide airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived DTMs (at 5-m and 1-m spatial resolution, respectively) were analysed in three geomorphologically contrasting, small (3\u20135 km2) catchments located in Mediterranean landscapes under intensive human influence (Mallorca Island, Spain). Vertical accuracy as well as the influence of each dataset\u2019s characteristics on hydrological and geomorphological modelling applicability were assessed by using ground-truth data, classic geometric and morphometric parameters, and a recently proposed index of sediment connectivity. Overall vertical accuracy\u2014expressed as the root mean squared error (RMSE) and normalised median deviation (NMAD)\u2014revealed the highest accuracy for the 1-m (RMSE = 1.55 m; NMAD = 0.44 m) and 5-m LiDAR DTMs (RMSE = 1.73 m; NMAD = 0.84 m). Vertical accuracy of the SRTM data was lower (RMSE = 6.98 m; NMAD = 5.27 m), but considerably higher than for the ASTER data (RMSE = 16.10 m; NMAD = 11.23 m). All datasets were affected by systematic distortions. Propagation of these errors and coarse horizontal resolution caused negative impacts on flow routing, stream network, and catchment delineation, and to a lower extent, on the distribution of slope values. These limitations should be carefully considered when applying DTMs for catchment hydrogeomorphological modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T10:54:26Z","timestamp":1544612066000},"page":"2014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Accuracy Assessment of Digital Terrain Model Dataset Sources for Hydrogeomorphological Modelling in Small Mediterranean Catchments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4800-8258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Graf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ecogeomorphological and Hydrological Connectivity Research Team\u2014MEDhyCON, Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3366-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Moreno-de-las-Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Hydrology and Erosion Group\u2014SHEg, Institute of Environmental Assessment &amp; Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5440-214X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurici","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ecogeomorphological and Hydrological Connectivity Research Team\u2014MEDhyCON, Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"GIS and Remote Sensing Service\u2014SSIGT, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleix","family":"Calsamiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ecogeomorphological and Hydrological Connectivity Research Team\u2014MEDhyCON, Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Agro-Environmental and Water Economy Research\u2014INAGEA, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9499-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Garc\u00eda-Comendador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ecogeomorphological and Hydrological Connectivity Research Team\u2014MEDhyCON, Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Agro-Environmental and Water Economy Research\u2014INAGEA, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Fortesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ecogeomorphological and Hydrological Connectivity Research Team\u2014MEDhyCON, Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Agro-Environmental and Water Economy Research\u2014INAGEA, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3140-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Taraz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ecogeomorphological and Hydrological Connectivity Research Team\u2014MEDhyCON, Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Agro-Environmental and Water Economy Research\u2014INAGEA, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Hydrology and Climatology, Institute for Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Fluvial Dynamics Research Group, Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3669-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Estrany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ecogeomorphological and Hydrological Connectivity Research Team\u2014MEDhyCON, Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Agro-Environmental and Water Economy Research\u2014INAGEA, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133317733667","article-title":"An illustrated introduction to general geomorphometry","volume":"41","author":"Florinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. 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