{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:24:37Z","timestamp":1774020277532,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the large number of technological developments in recent years, UAS systems are now used for monitoring purposes and in projects with high precision demand, such as 3D model-based creation of dams, reservoirs, historical monuments etc. These unmanned systems are usually equipped with an automatic pilot device and a digital camera (photo\/video, multispectral, Near Infrared etc.), of which the lens has distortions; but this can be determined in a calibration process. Currently, a method of \u201cself-calibration\u201d is used for the calibration of the digital cameras mounted on UASs, but, by using the method of calibration based on a 3D calibration object, the accuracy is improved in comparison with other methods. Thus, this paper has the objective of establishing a 3D calibration field for the digital cameras mounted on UASs in terms of accuracy and robustness, being the largest reported publication to date. In order to test the proposed calibration field, a digital camera mounted on a low-cost UAS was calibrated at three different heights: 23 m, 28 m, and 35 m, using two configurations for image acquisition. Then, a comparison was made between the residuals obtained for a number of 100 Check Points (CPs) using self-calibration and test-field calibration, while the number of Ground Control Points (GCPs) variedand the heights were interchanged. Additionally, the parameters where tested on an oblique flight done 2 years before calibration, in manual mode at a medium altitude of 28 m height. For all tests done in the case of the double grid nadiral flight, the parameters calculated with the proposed 3D field improved the results by more than 50% when using the optimum and a large number of GCPs, and in all analyzed cases with 75% to 95% when using a minimum of 3 GCP. In this context, it is necessary to conduct accurate calibration in order to increase the accuracy of the UAS projects, and also to reduce field measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T10:54:26Z","timestamp":1544612066000},"page":"2017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["3D Calibration Test-Field for Digital Cameras Mounted on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria-Ersilia","family":"Oniga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Measurements and Cadastre, Faculty of Hydrotechnical Engineering, Geodesy and Environmental Engineering, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Boulevard 67, Iasi 700050, Romania"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Gu\u00dfhausstra\u00dfe 27\u201329, A-1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Loghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Measurements and Cadastre, Faculty of Hydrotechnical Engineering, Geodesy and Environmental Engineering, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Iasi, Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Boulevard 67, Iasi 700050, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Gu\u00dfhausstra\u00dfe 27\u201329, A-1040 Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A flexible new technique for camera calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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