{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:53:00Z","timestamp":1770911580805,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU15\/03558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU15\/03558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 3-D Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) FLIGHT can represent scattering in open forest or savannas featuring underlying bare soils. However, FLIGHT might not be suitable for multilayered tree-grass ecosystems (TGE), where a grass understory can dominate the reflectance factor (RF) dynamics due to strong seasonal variability and low tree fractional cover. To address this issue, we coupled FLIGHT with the 1-D RTM PROSAIL. The model is evaluated against spectral observations of proximal and remote sensing sensors: the ASD Fieldspec\u00ae 3 spectroradiometer, the Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) and the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) onboard Sentinel-2. We tested the capability of both PROSAIL and PROSAIL+FLIGHT to reproduce the variability of different phenological stages determined by 16-year time series analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MODIS-NDVI). Then, we combined concomitant observations of biophysical variables and RF to test the capability of the models to reproduce observed RF. PROSAIL achieved a Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) between 6% to 32% at proximal sensing scale. PROSAIL+FLIGHT RRMSE ranged between 7% to 31% at remote sensing scales. RRMSE increased in periods when large fractions of standing dead material mixed with emergent green grasses \u2014especially in autumn\u2014; suggesting that the model cannot represent the spectral features of this material. PROSAIL+FLIGHT improves RF simulation especially in summer and at mid-high view angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T11:09:21Z","timestamp":1545131361000},"page":"2061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Improving the Performance of 3-D Radiative Transfer Model FLIGHT to Simulate Optical Properties of a Tree-Grass Ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Melendo-Vega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Espectro-Radiometr\u00eda y Teledetecci\u00f3n Ambiental (SpecLab), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Espectro-Radiometr\u00eda y Teledetecci\u00f3n Ambiental (SpecLab), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Pacheco-Labrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hanks Kn\u00f6ll Stra\u00dfe 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3468-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Casc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. Coru\u00f1a, Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8053-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INDEHESA-Forest Research Group, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda y Ordenaci\u00f3n del Territorio, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Migliavacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hanks Kn\u00f6ll Stra\u00dfe 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6260-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, Geograf\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Colegios 2, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Swansea University,  Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ria\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Espectro-Radiometr\u00eda y Teledetecci\u00f3n Ambiental (SpecLab), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing (CSTARS), University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 139 Veihmeyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-1051-0","article-title":"Advances in remote sensing of plant stress","volume":"354","author":"Barton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.01.017","article-title":"Hyperspectral indices and model simulation for chlorophyll estimation in open-canopy tree crops","volume":"90","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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