{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:52:10Z","timestamp":1788324730555,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]],"date-time":"2009-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1248998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classifying remote sensing imageries to obtain reliable and accurate land use and land cover (LULC) information still remains a challenge that depends on many factors such as complexity of landscape, the remote sensing data selected, image processing and classification methods, etc. The aim of this paper is to extract reliable LULC information from Landsat imageries of the Lower Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. The classical maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) was first applied to classify Landsat-MSS of 1985 and Landsat-TM of 1995 and 2005. The major LULC identified were Woodland, Pasture\/scrubland, Vineyard, Built-up and Water-body. By applying post-classification correction (PCC) using ancillary data and knowledge-based logic rules the overall classification accuracy was improved from about 72% to 91% for 1985 map, 76% to 90% for 1995 map and 79% to 87% for 2005 map. The improved overall Kappa statistics due to PCC were 0.88 for the 1985 map, 0.86 for 1995 and 0.83 for 2005. The PCC maps, assessed by McNemar\u2019s test, were found to have much higher accuracy in comparison to their counterpart MLC maps. The overall improvement in classification accuracy of the LULC maps is significant in terms of their potential use for land change modelling of the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]],"date-time":"2009-07-31T12:09:46Z","timestamp":1249042186000},"page":"330-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":369,"title":["Improving the Accuracy of Land Use and Land Cover Classification of Landsat Data Using Post-Classification Enhancement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ramita","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inakwu  O. A.","family":"Odeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiho","family":"Ancev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(01)00007-3","article-title":"The causes of land use and land cover change: Moving beyond the myths","volume":"11","author":"Lambin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"335","article-title":"Land cover change over the last three centuries due to human activities: the availability of new global data sets","volume":"61","author":"Goldewijk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geo. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00061-3","article-title":"Estimation and mapping of misclassification probabilities for thematic land cover maps","volume":"66","author":"Steele","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600746456","article-title":"A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049009354263","article-title":"Land use change detection based on multi date imagery from different satellite sensor systems","volume":"5","author":"Stow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geocart. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00295-4","article-title":"Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment","volume":"80","author":"Foody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.837325","article-title":"Results of implications of a study of fifteen years of satellite classification experiments","volume":"43","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Keith, C.C. (2005b). Introductory Digital Image Processing \u2013 A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00204-8","article-title":"Monitoring urban land cover change: An expert system approach to land cover classification of semiarid to arid urban centers","volume":"77","author":"Stefanov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010007051","article-title":"Using remote sensing and GIS to analyse land cover change and its impacts on regional sustainable development","volume":"23","author":"Xiuwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"232","article-title":"Development of remotely sensed, historical land cover change database for rural Chihuahua, Mexico","volume":"7","author":"Currit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.006","article-title":"Land cover classification and change analysis of the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area by multitemporal Landsat Remote Sensing","volume":"98","author":"Yuan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Zhang, K., and Qiu, F. (2005). Spatial contextual noise removal for post classification smoothing of remotely sensed images. ACM Symp. Appl. Comput., 524\u2013528.","DOI":"10.1145\/1066677.1066795"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Judex, M., Thamm, M.J., and Menz, G. (2006, January September). Improving land cover classification with a knowledge based approach and ancillary data. Proceeding of the workshop of the EARSeL sig on Land Use and Land Cover 2006, Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110075802","article-title":"Using a time series of satellite imagery to detect land use and land cover changes in the Atlanta, Georgia Metropolitan Area","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2006). Lower Hunter Regional Strategy."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-5871.2007.00404.x","article-title":"Metropolitan colonization and the reinvention of place: class polarization along the Cessnock- Pokolbin Fault Line","volume":"45","author":"Holmes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geograph. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500469985","article-title":"Boosting: a classification method for remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Bailly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00061-8","article-title":"Integration of classification methods for improvement of land cover map accuracy","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2001.0509","article-title":"Land use change analysis in the Zhujiang Delta of China using satellite remote sensing, GIS and stochastic modeling","volume":"64","author":"Weng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2005). ERDAS Field guide, Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging, LLC."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212560","article-title":"Quality assessment of image classification algorithms for land cover mapping: a review and a proposal for a cost based approach","volume":"20","author":"Smits","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.3.289","article-title":"Sampling method and sample placement: How do they affect the accuracy of remotely sensed maps?","volume":"69","author":"Plourde","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T., and Witmer, R.E. (1976). A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp964"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Keith, C.C. (2005). Introductory Digital Image Processing\u2013A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science. [3rd ed.]. Sect. C."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.10.010","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the measures of thematic classification accuracy","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"677","article-title":"Remote sensing and geographic information system data integration: error sources and research issues","volume":"57","author":"Lunetta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.70.5.627","article-title":"Thematic map comparison: evaluating the statistical significance of differences in classification accuracy","volume":"70","author":"Foody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500275762","article-title":"Comparing accuracy assessments to infer superiority of image classification methods","volume":"27","author":"Jia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133307081294","article-title":"Map comparison in GIS","volume":"31","author":"Foody","year":"2007","journal-title":"Progr.Phys. Geog."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2002.06.001","article-title":"Linear mixture model applied to Amazonian vegetation classification","volume":"87","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Keith, C.C. (2005). Introductory Digital Image Processing \u2013 A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science. [3rd ed.]. Sect. D."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00083-8","article-title":"Integrating contextual information with per-pixel classification for improved land cover classification","volume":"71","author":"Stuckens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/3\/330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:51Z","timestamp":1760220651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/3\/330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs1030330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs1030330","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11578-7","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,31]]}}}