{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:41:09Z","timestamp":1760244069679,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]],"date-time":"2009-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1258588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The timing of the disappearance of the snow cover in spring, or snow melt day (SMD), is a key parameter controlling the carbon dioxide balance between the northern mire and heath ecosystems and the atmosphere. We present a simple method for the determination of the SMD using a satellite-based surface albedo product (SAL). The method is based on the local change of albedo from higher wintertime values towards the lower summertime values. The satellite SMD timing correlates well with the SMD determined from snow depth measurements at Finnish weather stations (r = 0.86, slope 1.05). In 50% of the cases the error was 3.4 days or less and bias less than half a day. This would lead to a moderate uncertainty in the annual CO2 balance of mire and heath ecosystems, if the published SMD\u2014CO2 balance relations are valid. However, due to the limited data sets available a systematic validation is left for the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1041097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]],"date-time":"2009-11-19T12:39:06Z","timestamp":1258634346000},"page":"1097-1107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Simple Method to Determine the Timing of Snow Melt by Remote Sensing with Application to the CO2 Balances of Northern Mire and Heath Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Janne","family":"Rinne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, PL 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Aurela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Change Research, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8945-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terhikki","family":"Manninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Earth Observation, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16119","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020315","article-title":"The timing of snow melt controls the annual CO2 balance in a subarctic fen","volume":"31","author":"Aurela","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(07)00020-7","article-title":"Spatial and inter-annual variability of trace gas fluxes in a heterogeneous high-arctic landscape","volume":"40","author":"Friborg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00137-P","article-title":"Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data","volume":"54","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Owe, M., Brubaker, K., Ritchie, J., and Rango, A. (2001). Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000, International Association of Hydrological Sciences."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-1687-2009","article-title":"Operational climate monitoring from space: the EUMETSAT satellite application facility on climate monitoring (CM-SAF)","volume":"9","author":"Schulz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<0077:GBASDM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ground-based and satellite-derived measurements of surface albedo on the North Slope of Alaska","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"315","article-title":"Station for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere relations (SMEAR II)","volume":"10","author":"Hari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00309.x","article-title":"CO2 balance of a sedge fen in southern Finland\u2013the influence of a drought period","volume":"59B","author":"Aurela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.12.008","article-title":"The behaviour of snow and snow-free surface reflectance in boreal forests: Implications to the performance of snow covered area monitoring","volume":"113","author":"Salminen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/4\/1097\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:11:42Z","timestamp":1760220702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/4\/1097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs1041097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs1041097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]]}}}