{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:12:45Z","timestamp":1771675965395,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the operation of a bistatic HF radar network and outline analysis methods for the derivation of the elliptical velocity components from the radar echo spectra. Bistatic operation is illustrated by application to a bistatic pair: Both remote systems receive backscattered echo, with one remote system in addition receiving bistatic echoes transmitted by the other. The pair produces elliptical velocity components in addition to two sets of radials. Results are compared with drifter measurements and checks performed on internal consistency in the radar results. We show that differences in drifter\/radar current velocities are consistent with calculated radar data uncertainties. Elliptical and radial velocity components are demonstrated to be consistent within the data uncertainties. Inclusion of bistatic operation in radar networks can be expected to increase accuracy in derived current velocities and extend the coverage area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1041190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,2]],"date-time":"2009-12-02T03:06:01Z","timestamp":1259723161000},"page":"1190-1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["HF Radar Bistatic Measurement of Surface Current Velocities: Drifter Comparisons and Radar Consistency Checks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Belinda","family":"Lipa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 125 La Sandra Way, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 1914 Plymouth Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Rector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 1914 Plymouth Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Nyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 1914 Plymouth Street, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Teague, C.C., Barrick, D.E., and Lilleboe, P.M. (2003, January 21\u201325). Geometries for streamflow measurement using a UHF RiverSonde. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rizoli, J.A. (2003, January 13\u201315). Profiling river surface velocities and volume flow estimation with bistatic UHF RiverSonde radar. Proceedings of the IEEE\/OES Seventh Working Conference on Current Measurement Technology, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Teague, C.C., Barrick, D.E., Lilleboe, P., and Cheng, R.T. (2001, January July). Canal and river tests of a RiverSonde streamflow measurement system. IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Barrick, D.E., Lilleboe, P.M., Lipa, B.J., and Isaacson, J. (2004). Ocean surface current mapping with bistatic HF radar. (6,774,837), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Barrick, D.E., Lipa, B.J., Lilleboe, P.M., and Isaacson, J. (1994). Gated FMCW DF radar and signal processing for range\/Doppler\/angle determination. (5,361,072), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Barrick, D.E., Lilleboe, P.M., and Teague, C.C. (2001). Multi-station HF FMCW radar frequency sharing with GPS time modulation multiplexing. (6,856,276), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2006.886104","article-title":"SeaSonde radial velocities: derivation and internal Consistency","volume":"31","author":"Lipa","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Oceanic Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohut, J., Roarty, H., Licthenwalner, S., Glenn, S., Barrick, D., Lipa, B., and Allen, A. (2008, January 17\u201319). Surface current and wave validation of a nested regional HF radar Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, Current Measurement Technology. Proceedings of the IEEE\/OES 9th Working Conference, Charleston, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCM.2008.4480868"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/4\/1190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1760220710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/1\/4\/1190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs1041190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs1041190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]}}}