{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:15:51Z","timestamp":1772262951146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX12AD03A and NNX17AE79A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX12AD03A and NNX17AE79A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Projects 41376035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projects 41376035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the General Research Fund of Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC)","award":["CUHK 14303818, 402912, and 403113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUHK 14303818, 402912, and 403113"]}]},{"name":"the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Fund","award":["ITS\/321\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITS\/321\/13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tidal mixing in the coastal waters of Hong Kong was investigated using a combination of in situ observations and high-resolution satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) data. An indicator of tide-induced mixing is a fortnightly (spring-neap cycle) signature in SST due to nonlinear interactions between the two principal diurnal and the two principal semi-diurnal tides. Both semi-diurnal and diurnal tides have strong tidal amplitudes and currents near Hong Kong. As a result, both the near-fortnightly (Mf) and fortnightly (MSf) tides are enhanced due to nonlinear tidal signal interactions. In addition, these fortnightly tidal signals are modulated by seasonal variability, with the maximum seasonal modulation of fortnightly tides occurring during the monsoon transition periods in May and October. The largest fortnightly signals are found in the southwestern part of the Pearl River estuary. Tidal constituent properties vary by space and depth, and high-resolution SST plays a pivotal role in resolving the spatial characteristics of tidal mixing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T12:54:36Z","timestamp":1545310476000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tidal Mixing Signatures in the Hong Kong Coastal Waters from Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Dwi","family":"Susanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6642-9104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"College of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen  518172, Guangdong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4334-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam T.","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen  518172, Guangdong, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Nonlinear effect of tidal friction, II","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Oceanologica Sinica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.033","article-title":"Modelling explicit tides in the Indonesian seas: An important process for surface sea water properties","volume":"131","author":"Nugroho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.833226","article-title":"Barotropic tide in the northeast South China Sea","volume":"29","author":"Beardsley","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"12","article-title":"Internal tides in the northern South China Sea from 20-day in-situ mooring observations in 1998","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-517-2016","article-title":"Tidal elevation, current and energy flux in the area between the South China Sea and Java Sea","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alford, M.H., Peacock, T., and MacKinnon, J.A. (2015). The formation and fate of internal waves in the South China Sea. Nature, 521.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14399"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12353","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC00036","article-title":"Tidal currents in the Indonesian Seas and their effect on transport and mixing","volume":"101","author":"Hatayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(99)00002-3","article-title":"Numerical simulation of principal tidal constituents in the South China Sea, Gulf of Tonkin and Gulf of Thailand","volume":"19","author":"Fang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-1784(03)00053-7","article-title":"Three-dimensional numerical model study of the residual current in the South China, Sea","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2007.10.007","article-title":"Numerical study of the tidal and tidal dynamics in the South China Sea","volume":"55","author":"Zu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.5194\/os-7-609-2011","article-title":"An eddy resolving tidal-driven model of the South China Sea assimilating along-track SLA data using the EnOI","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s13344-013-0013-0","article-title":"Wavetide-surge coupled simulation for typhoon Maemi","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24867","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC01756","article-title":"Ocean tides in the Asian semi-enclosed seas from TOPEX\/ POSEIDON","volume":"99","author":"Mazzega","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"85","article-title":"Co-tidal and co-range charts in the South China Sea derived from satellite altimetry data","volume":"35","author":"Yanagi","year":"1997","journal-title":"La Mer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1996)026<1924:TMSITI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Tidal mixing signatures in the Indonesian seas","volume":"26","author":"Ffield","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugh, D., and Woodworth, P. (2014). Sea Level Science: Understanding Tides, Surges, Tsunamis and Mean Sea-Level Changes, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139235778"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(00)00105-9","article-title":"Tidal mixing modulation of sea surface temperature and diatom abundance in Southern California","volume":"21","author":"Souza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7714(89)90085-1","article-title":"The negative role of turbulence in estuarine mass transport","volume":"28","author":"Lennon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, R.D., and Susanto, R.D. (2016). Tidal mixing signatures in the Indonesian seas from high-resolution sea surface temperature data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069485"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2016, March 19). JPL MUR MEaSUREs Project, 2010, GHRSST Level-4 MUR Global Foundation Sea Surface Temperature Analysis Version 1, PO DAAC, CA, USA. Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5067\/GHNMR-4FJ01."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Chin, T.M., Vazquez, J., and Armstrong, E. (2013). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document: A Multi-Scale, High-Resolution Analysis of Global Sea Surface Temperature, Version 1.3."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.07.029","article-title":"Multi-scale high-resolution analysis of global sea surface temperature","volume":"200","author":"Chin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Codiga, D.L. (2011). Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction Using the UTide Matlab Functions, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. Technical Report 2011-01."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(02)00013-4","article-title":"Classical tidal harmonic analysis with errors in matlab using t-tide","volume":"28","author":"Pawlowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.04.011","article-title":"Enhancing tidal harmonic analysis: Robust (hybrid L1\/L2) solutions","volume":"29","author":"Leffler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/1351581","article-title":"Tidal straining, density currents and stirring control of estuarine stratification","volume":"13","author":"Simpson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Parker, B.B. (2007). Tidal Analysis and Prediction, NOAA special publication, NOS-COPS 3."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.03.025","article-title":"Fortnightly tides and subtidal motions in a choked inlet","volume":"150","author":"MacMahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Percival, D.B., and Walden, A.T. (1993). Spectral Analysis for Physical Applications: Multitaper and Conventional Univariate Techniques, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12433","article-title":"Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis","volume":"70","author":"Thomson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides","volume":"19","author":"Egbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC02543","article-title":"Tide-induced mixing in the Amazon frontal zone","volume":"100","author":"Geyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2013.06.015","article-title":"Intermittent dense water outflows under variable tidal forcing in Shark Bay, Western Australia","volume":"66","author":"Hetzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC010733","article-title":"Wind and tidal mixing controls on stratification and dense water outflows in a large hypersaline bay","volume":"120","author":"Hetzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:35:07Z","timestamp":1760196907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]}}}