{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T11:12:58Z","timestamp":1763809978093,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed at analyzing the effect of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging parameters and environmental conditions on the standard deviation of the co-polarized phase difference (    \u03c3  \u03c6 C     ) evaluated over sea surface. The latter was shown to be an important polarimetric parameter widely used for sea surface target monitoring purposes. A theoretical model, based on the tilted-Bragg scattering, is proposed to predict the behavior of     \u03c3  \u03c6 C      against incidence angle for different roughness conditions. Then, a comprehensive experimental analysis, based on the processing of L-, C- and X-band polarimetric SAR scenes collected over different test areas under low-to-moderate wind conditions and covering a broad range of incidence angle, was carried out to discuss the effects of sensor\u2019s and environmental parameters on sea surface     \u03c3  \u03c6 C     . Results show that SAR imaging parameters severely affect     \u03c3  \u03c6 C     , while the impact of meteo-marine conditions, under low-to-moderate wind regime, is almost negligible. Those outcomes have significant relevance to support the design of effective and robust algorithms for marine and maritime applications based on     \u03c3  \u03c6 C     , including the detection of metallic targets (ships and offshore infrastructures as oil\/gas platforms, aquacultures, wind farms, etc.) and polluted areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T12:14:49Z","timestamp":1545394489000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Analysis on the Effects of SAR Imaging Parameters and Environmental Conditions on the Standard Deviation of the Co-Polarized Phase Difference Measured over Sea Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5523-7609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Buono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli NA, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carina Regina","family":"De Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli NA, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4567-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Nunziata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli NA, Italy"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Velotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Migliaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli NA, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(99)00079-8","article-title":"The ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans","volume":"31","author":"Costanza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. 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