{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:22:30Z","timestamp":1781626950427,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Basic Research Project of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration","award":["2016IES010203 and 2018IEF010102 and 2018IEF010103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016IES010203 and 2018IEF010102 and 2018IEF010103"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41604007 and 41874012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41604007 and 41874012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We installed 10 continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) stations on the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau at the end of 2012, in order to qualitatively investigate strain accumulation across the Liupanshan Fault (LPSF). We integrated our newly built stations with 48 other existing GPS stations to provide new insights into three-dimensional tectonic deformation. We employed white plus flicker noise model as a statistical model to obtain realistic velocities and corresponding uncertainties in the ITRF2014 and Ordos-fixed reference frame. The total velocity decrease from northwest to southeast in the Longxi Block (LXB) was 5.3 mm\/yr within the range of 200 km west of the LPSF on the horizontal component. The first-order characteristic of the vertical crustal deformation was uplift for the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The uplift rates in the LXB and the Ordos Block (ORB) were 1.0 and 2.0 mm\/yr, respectively. We adopted an improved spherical wavelet algorithm to invert for multiscale strain rates and rotation rates. Multiscale strain rates showed a complex crustal deformation pattern. A significant clockwise rotation of about 30 nradians\/yr (10\u22129 radians\/year) was identified around the Dingxi. Localized strain accumulation was determined around the intersectional region between the Haiyuan Fault (HYF) and the LPSF. The deformation pattern across the LFPS was similar to that of the Longmengshan Fault (LMSF) before the 2008 Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake. Furthermore, according to the distributed second invariant of strain rates at different spatial scale, strain partitioning has already spatially localized along the Xiaokou\u2013Liupanshan\u2013Longxian\u2013Baoji fault belt (XLLBF). The tectonic deformation and localized strain buildup together with seismicity imply a high probability for a potential earthquake in this zone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T11:31:21Z","timestamp":1545823881000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Crustal Deformation on the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau from Continuous GPS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianbi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5641-8041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojie","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Earthquake Agency, Xi\u2019an 710068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renwei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6259-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunying","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.105978","article-title":"Oblique Stepwise Rise and Growth of the Tibet Plateau","volume":"294","author":"Tapponnier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1130\/G20554.1","article-title":"Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2003.09.022","article-title":"Active faults and magnitudes of left-lateral displacement along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"380","author":"Ding","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayem, K.E., Molnar, P., Clark, M.K., and Houseman, G.A. 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