{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T19:37:30Z","timestamp":1772048250902,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]],"date-time":"2019-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TUBITAK","award":["113Y102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113Y102"]}]},{"name":"AFAD","award":["UDAP-G-16-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UDAP-G-16-02"]}]},{"name":"French Embassy in Turkey","award":["889075G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["889075G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We characterize and monitor subsidence of the Bursa Plain (southern Marmara region of Turkey), which has been interpreted as resulting from tectonic motions in the region. We quantify the subsidence using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time-series analysis. The Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers InSAR package (StaMPS) is employed to process series of Sentinel 1 A-B radar images acquired between 2014 and 2017 along both ascending and descending orbits. The vertical velocity field obtained after decomposition of line-of-sight velocity fields on the two tracks reveals that the Bursa plain is subsiding at rates up to 25 mm\/yr. The most prominent subsidence signal in the basin forms an east-west elongated ellipse of deformation in the east, and is bounded by a Quaternary alluvial plain undergoing average vertical subsidence at ~10 mm\/yr. Another localized subsidence signal is located 5 km north of the city, following the Bursa alluvial fan, and is subsiding at velocities up to 25 mm\/yr. The comparison between temporal variations of the subsiding surface displacements and variations of the water pressure head in the aquifer allows estimation of the compressibility of the aquifer,    \u03b1   . It falls in the range of     0.5 \u00d7   10   \u2212 6   \u2212 2 \u00d7   10   \u2212 6       Pa\u22121, which corresponds to typical values for clay and sand sediments. We find a clear correlation between subsidence patterns and the lithology, suggesting a strong lithological control over subsidence. In addition, the maximum rate of ground subsidence occurs where agricultural activity relies on groundwater exploitation. The InSAR time series within the observation period is well correlated with changes in the depth of the ground water. These observations indicate that the recent acceleration of subsidence is mainly due to anthropogenic activities rather than tectonic motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T03:06:06Z","timestamp":1547003166000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Investigating Subsidence in the Bursa Plain, Turkey, Using Ascending and Descending Sentinel-1 Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9482-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Aslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyadin","family":"Cakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0582-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Lasserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, UCBL, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 69622 Villeurbanne, France"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Renard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"The Njord Centre, PGP, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0938-x","article-title":"Discovering a pull-apart basin using InSAR in Bursa, Turkey","volume":"71","author":"Kutoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1029\/98WR01285","article-title":"Detection of aquifer system compaction and land subsidence using interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","volume":"34","author":"Galloway","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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