{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:23:30Z","timestamp":1768296210421,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41361140361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41361140361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong, China","award":["ts201712071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ts201712071"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen International S&amp;T Cooperation Project","award":["GJHZ20160229194322570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ20160229194322570"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017A050501027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A050501027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) provides a robust and accurate data source to investigate the variability of mid-tropospheric CO2 globally. In this paper, we use the AIRS CO2 product and other auxiliary data to survey the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of mid-tropospheric CO2 and the controlling factors using linear regression, empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), geostatistical analysis, and correlation analysis. The results show that areas with low mid-tropospheric CO2 concentrations (20\u00b0S\u20135\u00b0N) (384.2 ppm) are formed as a result of subsidence in the atmosphere, the presence of the Amazon rainforest, and the lack of high CO2 emission areas. The areas with high mid-tropospheric CO2 concentrations (30\u00b0N\u201370\u00b0N) (382.1 ppm) are formed due to high CO2 emissions. The global mid-tropospheric CO2 concentrations increased gradually (the annual average rate of increase in CO2 concentration is 2.11 ppm\/a), with the highest concentration occurring in spring (384.0 ppm) and the lowest value in winter (382.5 ppm). The amplitude of the seasonal variation retrieved from AIRS (average: 1.38 ppm) is consistent with that of comprehensive observation network for trace gases (CONTRAIL), but smaller than the surface ground stations, which is related to altitude and coverage. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of mid-tropospheric CO2 and related mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T03:06:06Z","timestamp":1547003166000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Global Spatiotemporal Distribution of the Mid-Tropospheric CO2 Concentration and Analysis of the Controlling Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangzhong","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818, South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818, South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818, South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4866-1441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alishir","family":"Kurban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818, South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818, South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818, South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Zuozhong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Automation for Machinery Industry CO., LTD, Beijing 100120, China"}]},{"given":"Xiugong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Automation for Machinery Industry CO., LTD, Beijing 100120, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6661-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friday Uchenna","family":"Ochege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 818, South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe De","family":"Maeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dlugokencky, E., and Pieter, T. 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