{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T18:19:42Z","timestamp":1767982782919,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC1400902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400902"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration","award":["QNYC1803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNYC1803"]}]},{"name":"the Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation","award":["LQ19D060003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19D060003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate calibration of oceanic LiDAR signals is essential for the accurate retrieval of ocean optical properties. Nowadays, there are many methods for aerosol LiDAR calibration, but fewer attempts have been made to implement specific calibration methods for oceanic LiDAR. Oceanic LiDAR often has higher vertical resolution, needs greater signal dynamic range, detects several orders of magnitude lower less depth of penetration, and suffers from the effects of the air-sea interface. Therefore the calibration methods for aerosol LiDAR may not be useful for oceanic LiDAR. In this paper, we present a new simple and feasible approach for oceanic LiDAR calibration via comparison of LiDAR backscatter against calculated scatter based on iteratively bio-optical models in clear, open ocean, Type 1 water. Compared with current aerosol LiDAR calibration methods, it particularly considers geometric losses and attenuation occurring in the atmosphere-sea interface. The mean relative error percentage (MREP) of LiDAR calibration constant at two different stations was all within 0.08%. The MREP between LiDAR-retrieved backscatter, chlorophyll after using LiDAR calibration constant with inversion results of measured data were within 0.18% and 1.39%, respectively. These findings indicate that the bio-optical methods for LiDAR calibration in clear ocean water are feasible and effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T11:30:27Z","timestamp":1547724627000},"page":"172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Feasible Calibration Method for Type 1 Open Ocean Water LiDAR Data Based on Bio-Optical Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Delu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2861","article-title":"Annual boom-bust cycles of polar phytoplankton biomass revealed by space-based lidar","volume":"10","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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