{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:46:50Z","timestamp":1772844410709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]],"date-time":"2019-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/12793-0, 2018\/06720-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/12793-0, 2018\/06720-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 22 April 2015, the Calbuco volcano in Chile (Lat: 41.33     \u2218    S, Long: 72.62     \u2218    W) erupted after 43 years of inactivity followed by a great amount of aerosol injection into the atmosphere. The pyroclastic material dispersed into the atmosphere posed a potential threat to aviation traffic and air quality over affected a large area. The plumes and debris spread from its location to Patagonian and Pampean regions, reaching the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and neighboring countries, such as Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, driven by the westerly winds at these latitudes. The presence of volcanic aerosol layers could be identified promptly at the proximities of Calbuco and afterwards by remote sensing using satellites and lidars in the path of the dispersed aerosols. The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board of AQUA\/TERRA satellites and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on board of Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite were the space platforms used to track the injected layers and a multi-channel lidar system from Latin America Lidar Network (LALINET) SPU Lidar station in South America allowed us to get the spatial and temporal distribution of Calbuco ashes after its occurrence. The SPU lidar stations co-located Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sunphotometers to help in the optical characterization. Here, we present the volcanic layer transported over S\u00e3o Paulo area and the detection of aerosol plume between 18 and 20 km. The path traveled by the volcanic aerosol to reach the Metropolitan Area of S\u00e3o Paulo (MASP) was tracked by CALIPSO and the aerosol optical and geometrical properties were retrieved at some points to monitor the plume evolution. Total attenuated backscatter profile at 532 nm obtained by CALIPSO revealed the height range extension of the aerosol plume between 18 and 20 km and are in agreement with SPU lidar range corrected signal at 532 nm. The daily evolution of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 532 and 355 nm, retrieved from AERONET sunphotometer, showed a substantial increasing on 27 April, the day of the volcanic plume detection at Metropolitan Area of S\u00e3o Paulo (MASP), achieving values of     0 . 33 \u00b1 0 . 16     and     0 . 22 \u00b1 0 . 09     at 355 and 532 nm, respectively. AERONET aerosol size distribution was dominated by fine mode aerosol over coarse mode, especially on 27 and 28 April. The space and time coincident aerosol extinction profiles from SPU lidar station and OMPS LP from the Calbuco eruption conducted on 27 April agreed on the double layer structure. The main objective of this study was the application of the transmittance method, using the Platt formalism, to calculate the optical and physical properties of volcanic plume, i.e., aerosol bottom and top altitude, the aerosol optical depth and lidar ratio. The aerosol plume was detected between 18 and 19.3 km, with AOD value of 0.159 at 532 nm and \u00c5nsgtr\u00f6m exponent of     0 . 61 \u00b1 0 . 58    . The lidar ratio retrieved was     76 \u00b1 27     sr and     63 \u00b1 21     sr at 532 and 355 nm, respectively. Considering the values of these parameters, the Calbuco volcanic aerosol layers could be classified as sulfates with some ash type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Synergetic Aerosol Layer Observation After the 2015 Calbuco Volcanic Eruption Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"J. S. Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Applications (CLA), Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), S\u00e3o Paulo (SP) 05508-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jonatan Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Applications (CLA), Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), S\u00e3o Paulo (SP) 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Exact Sciences and Technologies, Federal University of Western Bahia (UFOB), Barreiras (BA) 47801-275, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Antu\u00f1a Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Atmospheric Optics Group of Camag\u00fcey (GOAC), Camag\u00fcey Meteorologic Center, INSMET, Camag\u00fcey, Cuba"}]},{"given":"Ghassan","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universities Space Research Association Greenbelt, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Landulfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lasers and Applications (CLA), Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), S\u00e3o Paulo (SP) 05508-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.192","article-title":"Modeling the climatic effects of large explosive volcanic eruptions","volume":"3","author":"Timmreck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RG000054","article-title":"Volcanic eruptions and climate","volume":"38","author":"Robock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robock, A. (2007). Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev. Geophys., 45.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007RG000232"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1126\/science.259.5100.1411","article-title":"Radiative Climate Forcing by the Mount-Pinatubo Eruption","volume":"259","author":"Minnis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC02p01231","article-title":"The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism","volume":"87","author":"Newhall","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062307","article-title":"Stratospheric volcanic ash emissions from the 13 February 2014 Kelut eruption","volume":"42","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07005","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201611907005","article-title":"Lidar Observation of the 2014 Kelut Volcanic Stratospheric Aerosols at Kototabang, Indonesia","volume":"119","author":"Abo","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawamura, P., Vernier, J.P., Barnes, J.E., Berkoff, T.A., Welton, E.J., Alados-Arboledas, L., Navas-Guzman, F., Pappalardo, G., Mona, L., and Madonna, F. (2012). Stratospheric AOD after the 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano measured by lidars over the Northern Hemisphere. Environ. Res. Lett., 7.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/3\/034013"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.05.048","article-title":"Nabro aerosol evolution observed jointly by lidars at a mid-latitude site and CALIPSO","volume":"140","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4429-2013","article-title":"Four-dimensional distribution of the 2010 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcanic cloud over Europe observed by EARLINET","volume":"13","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-469-2018","article-title":"A global space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979\u20132016","volume":"10","author":"Thomason","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-3349-2013","article-title":"0.355-micrometer direct detection wind lidar under testing during a field campaign in consideration of ESA\u2019s ADM-Aeolus mission","volume":"6","author":"Lolli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e9li\u00e8re, A., Wallace, K., Do Carmo, J.P., Lefebvre, A., Eisinger, M., and Wehr, T. (2016). Development status of the EarthCARE Mission and its atmospheric Lidar. Earth Obs. Syst., 9972.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2235412"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8599","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-8599-2017","article-title":"Lidar ratios of stratospheric volcanic ash and sulfate aerosols retrieved from CALIOP measurements","volume":"17","author":"Prata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023134","article-title":"Satellite-based global volcanic SO2 emissions and sulfate direct radiative forcing during 2005\u20132012","volume":"121","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5364","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026263","article-title":"Retrieval of volcanic ash height from satellite-based infrared measurements","volume":"122","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-551-2017","article-title":"Detecting volcanic sulfur dioxide plumes in the Northern Hemisphere using the Brewer spectrophotometers, other networks, and satellite observations","volume":"17","author":"Zerefos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15019","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-15019-2017","article-title":"Long-range transport of stratospheric aerosols in the Southern Hemisphere following the 2015 Calbuco eruption","volume":"17","author":"Vignelles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15071","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD00821","article-title":"Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause","volume":"101","author":"Appenzeller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-3067-2017","article-title":"30-year lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer state over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia)","volume":"17","author":"Zuev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-1829-2017","article-title":"Variability and evolution of the midlatitude stratospheric aerosol budget from 22 years of ground-based lidar and satellite observations","volume":"17","author":"Khaykin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-16-0262.1","article-title":"Daytime Top-of-the-Atmosphere Cirrus Cloud Radiative Forcing Properties at Singapore","volume":"56","author":"Lolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/03736245.2018.1498383","article-title":"Long-range transport of volcanic aerosols over South Africa: A case study of the Calbuco volcanic eruption in Chile during April 2015","volume":"100","author":"Shikwambana","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11862","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026987","article-title":"Observing the Impact of Calbuco Volcanic Aerosols on South Polar Ozone Depletion in 2015","volume":"122","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4258\/5\/3\/308","article-title":"Diffractive optical components for high power laser beam sampling","volume":"5","author":"Ciofini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-1639-2018","article-title":"Impact of varying lidar measurement and data processing techniques in evaluating cirrus cloud and aerosol direct radiative effects","volume":"11","author":"Lolli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1973)030<1191:LAROOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lidar and Radiometric Observations of Cirrus Clouds","volume":"30","author":"Platt","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.24.001638","article-title":"Lidar inversion with variable backscatter\/extinction ratios","volume":"24","author":"Klett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.000652","article-title":"Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: some comments","volume":"23","author":"Fernald","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.0011_1","article-title":"Significance of the extinction\/backscatter ratio and the boundary value term in the solution for the two-component lidar equation","volume":"23","author":"Sasano","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"Aeronet - A Federal Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20673","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900282","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9791","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900040","article-title":"Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10399","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-10399-2010","article-title":"Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land","volume":"10","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3385.1","article-title":"The MODIS Aerosol Algorithm, Products, and Validation","volume":"62","author":"Remer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1281.1","article-title":"Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms","volume":"26","author":"Winker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1223.1","article-title":"CALIPSO Lidar Description and Performance Assessment","volume":"26","author":"Hunt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1231.1","article-title":"The CALIPSO automated aerosol classification and Lidar Ratio Selection Algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Omar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6107-2018","article-title":"The CALIPSO version 4 automated aerosol classification and lidar ratio selection algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011343","article-title":"O3 profiles retrieved from limb scatter measurements: Theory","volume":"27","author":"Flittner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1970)027<0960:IPIRTD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Inverse Problems in Radiative Transfer: Determination of Atmospheric Parameters","volume":"27","author":"Chahine","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-2633-2018","article-title":"The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP) Version 1 aerosol extinction retrieval algorithm: Theoretical basis","volume":"11","author":"Loughman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6495-2018","article-title":"Improvement of stratospheric aerosol extinction retrieval from OMPS\/LP using a new aerosol model","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lidar backscatter to extinction, mass and area conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude balloonborne size distribution measurements","volume":"29","author":"Deshler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger, H., and Deshler, T. (2003). Correction to \u201cLidar backscatter to extinction, mass and area conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude balloonborne size distribution measurements\u201d. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017189"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-010-0104-5","article-title":"Vehicle emissions and PM2.5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities","volume":"5","author":"Fornaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.100","article-title":"Source apportionment of fine particulate matter by positive matrix factorization in the metropolitan area of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"202","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, F.J.S., Moreira, G.A., Rodrigues, P.F., Guerrero-Rascado, J.L., Andrade, M.F., and Landulfo, E. (2014). Lidar measurements of tropospheric aerosol and water vapor profiles during the winter season campaigns over the metropolitan area of S\u00e3o Paulo-Brazil. Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing X, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2067374"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, P.F., Landulfo, E., Lopes, F.J.S., da Costa, R.F., Granados-Mu\u00f1oz, M.J., and Guerrero-Rascado, J.L. (2014). Evaluation of the hygroscopic behavior of aerosols over S\u00e3o Paulo: one-day case study. Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing X, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2067469"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00228.1","article-title":"LALINET: The First Latin American\u2013Born Regional Atmospheric Observational Network","volume":"98","author":"Landulfo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"295","article-title":"An overview of the HYSPLIT 4 modeling system of trajectories, dispersion, and deposition","volume":"47","author":"Draxler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Mather, T., Pyle, D., and Oppenheimer, C. (2013). Tropospheric Volcanic Aerosol. Volcanism and the Earth\u2019s Atmosphere, American Geophysical Union (AGU)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9303","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-9303-2013","article-title":"Optical, microphysical, mass and geometrical properties of aged volcanic particles observed over Athens, Greece, during the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption in April 2010 through synergy of Raman lidar and sunphotometer measurements","volume":"13","author":"Kokkalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weitkamp, C. (2005). Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b106786"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.002765","article-title":"Rayleigh-scattering calculations for the terrestrial atmosphere","volume":"34","author":"Bucholtz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6470","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.006470","article-title":"Lidar ratio and depolarization ratio for cirrus clouds","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.007019","article-title":"Analysis of lidar backscatter profiles in optically thin clouds","volume":"34","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHA1221.1","article-title":"The Retrieval of Profiles of Particulate Extinction from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Data: Algorithm Description","volume":"26","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.22.000514","article-title":"Lidar calibration and extinction coefficients","volume":"22","author":"Klett","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.020","article-title":"Volcanic dust characterization by EARLINET during Etna\u2019s eruptions in 2001\u20132002","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, A., Ritter, C., Stock, M., Maturilli, M., Eckhardt, S., Herber, A., and Neuber, R. (2010). Lidar measurements of the Kasatochi aerosol plume in August and September 2008 in Ny-Alesund, Spitsbergen. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013039"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00L04","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013472","article-title":"Volcanic aerosol layers observed with multiwavelength Raman lidar over central Europe in 2008\u20132009","volume":"115","author":"Mattis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13810","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043809","article-title":"The 16 April 2010 major volcanic ash plume over central Europe: EARLINET lidar and AERONET photometer observations at Leipzig and Munich, Germany","volume":"37","author":"Ansmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00U02","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015567","article-title":"Ash and fine-mode particle mass profiles from EARLINET-AERONET observations over central Europe after the eruptions of the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcano in 2010","volume":"116","author":"Ansmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.06.017","article-title":"Dual-wavelength linear depolarization ratio of volcanic aerosols: Lidar measurements of the Eyjafjallajokull plume over Maisach, Germany","volume":"48","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-2229-2012","article-title":"Multi-wavelength Raman lidar observations of the Eyjafjallajokull volcanic cloud over Potenza, southern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Mona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-3115-2012","article-title":"Monitoring of the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcanic aerosol plume over the Iberian Peninsula by means of four EARLINET lidar stations","volume":"12","author":"Sicard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50116","article-title":"Eruption of the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull Volcano in spring 2010: Multiwavelength Raman lidar measurements of sulphate particles in the lower troposphere","volume":"118","author":"Olmo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.037","article-title":"Optical properties and vertical extension of aged ash layers over the Eastern Mediterranean as observed by Raman lidars during the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption in May 2010","volume":"48","author":"Papayannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/2\/195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:25Z","timestamp":1760185645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/2\/195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11020195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11020195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]]}}}