{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:33:17Z","timestamp":1781933597532,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFB0503901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503901"]}]},{"name":"the Strategic priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Grant No.XDA19040201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No.XDA19040201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 41771391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 41771391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the most abundant hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Its absorption features in the 320\u2013360 nm range allow its concentration in the atmosphere to be retrieved from space. There are two versions of HCHO datasets derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)\u2014one provided by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) and one provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u2014referred to as OMI-BIRA and OMI-NASA, respectively. We conducted daily comparisons of OMI-BIRA and multi-axis differential optical absorption spectrometry (MAX-DOAS), OMI-NASA and MAX-DOAS, and OMI-BIRA and OMI-NASA and monthly comparisons of OMI-BIRA and MAX-DOAS and OMI-NASA and MAX-DOAS. Daily comparisons showed a strong impact of effective cloud fraction (eCF), and correlations were better for eCF &lt; 0.1 than for eCF &lt; 0.3. By contrast, the monthly and multi-year monthly mean values yielded correlations of R2 = 0.60 and R2 = 0.95, respectively, for OMI-BIRA and MAX-DOAS, and R2 = 0.45 and R2 = 0.78 for OMI-NASA and MAX-DOAS, respectively. Therefore, use of the monthly mean HCHO datasets is strongly recommended. We conducted a sensitivity test for HCHO air mass factor (AMF) calculations with respect to the HCHO profile, the aerosol extinction coefficient (AEC), the HCHO profile\u2013AEC combination, the aerosol optical depth (AOD), and the single scattering albedo (SSA) to explicitly account for the aerosol optical effects on the HCHO AMF. We found that the combination of AEC and HCHO profiles can account for 23\u201339% of the HCHO AMF variation. Furthermore, a high load of absorptive aerosols can exert a considerable effect (\u221253%) on the AMF. Finally, we used the HCHO monthly mean profiles from Goddard Earth Observing System coupled to Chemistry (GEOS-Chem), seasonal mean AECs from Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and monthly climatologies of AOD and SSA from the OMAERUV (OMI level-2 near UV aerosol data product) dataset at Xianghe station to determine the aerosol correction. The results reveal that aerosols can account for +6.37% to +20.7% of the HCHO monthly change. However, the changes are greatest in winter and are weaker in summer and autumn, indicating that the aerosol correction is more applicable under high-AAOD conditions and that there may be other reasons for the significant underestimation between satellite and MAX-DOAS observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Validation of OMI HCHO Products Using MAX-DOAS observations from 2010 to 2016 in Xianghe, Beijing: Investigation of the Effects of Aerosols on Satellite Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yapeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangxiao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-011-4172-7","article-title":"Effect of atmospheric aerosol on surface ozone variation over the Pearl River Delta region","volume":"54","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12207","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-12207-2018","article-title":"Modeling study of impacts on surface ozone of regional transport and emissions reductions over North China Plain in summer 2015","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2019, January 18). China Environmental Status Bulletin, Available online: http:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/hjzl\/zghjzkgb\/lnzghjzkgb\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10673","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03582","article-title":"The impact of nonmethane hydrocarbon compounds on tropospheric photochemistry","volume":"103","author":"Houweling","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006300616544","article-title":"Impact of non-methane hydrocarbons on tropospheric chemistry and the oxidizing power of the global troposphere: 3-dimensional modelling results","volume":"36","author":"Poisson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.02.051","article-title":"Ground ozone concentrations over Beijing from 2004 to 2015: Variation patterns, indicative precursors and effects of emission-reduction","volume":"237","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1053-2005","article-title":"Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: A review","volume":"5","author":"Kanakidou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.03.010","article-title":"Application of OMI observations to a space-based indicator of NOx and VOC controls on surface ozone formation","volume":"44","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-3273-2012","article-title":"Primary and secondary sources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region","volume":"12","author":"Parrish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-4947-2008","article-title":"Twelve years of global observations of formaldehyde in the troposphere using GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors","volume":"8","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(95)00175-1","article-title":"Sources and sinks of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: An analysis of Denver\u2019s ambient concentration data","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011857","article-title":"Satellite observations of formaldehyde over North America from GOME","volume":"27","author":"Chance","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-2933-2012","article-title":"Improved retrieval of global tropospheric formaldehyde columns from GOME-2\/MetOp-A addressing noise reduction and instrumental degradation issues","volume":"5","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-19-2015","article-title":"Updated Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Ozone Monitoring Instrument (SAO OMI) formaldehyde retrieval","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"12241","article-title":"Diurnal, seasonal and long-term variations of global formaldehyde columns inferred from combined OMI and GOME-2 observations","volume":"15","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-2797-2016","article-title":"Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (SAO OMPS) formaldehyde retrieval","volume":"9","author":"Vasilkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063204","article-title":"A new method for global retrievals of HCHO total columns from the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-2395-2018","article-title":"Algorithm theoretical baseline for formaldehyde retrievals from S5P TROPOMI and from the QA4ECV project","volume":"11","author":"Theys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"L18808","article-title":"Trend detection in satellite observations of formaldehyde tropospheric columns","volume":"37","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, T.M., Jacob, D.J., Palmer, P.I., Chance, K., Wang, Y.X., Barletta, B., Blake, D.R., Stanton, J.C., and Pilling, M.J. (2007). Space-based formaldehyde measurements as constraints on volatile organic compound emissions in east and south Asia and implications for ozone. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007853"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3663-2009","article-title":"Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003\u20132006","volume":"9","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-1037-2009","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of pyrogenic and biogenic emission inventories against one decade of space-based formaldehyde columns","volume":"9","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5007-2017","article-title":"Validation of OMI, GOME-2A and GOME-2B tropospheric NO2, SO2 and HCHO products using MAX-DOAS observations from 2011 to 2014 in Wuxi, China: Investigation of the effects of priori profiles and aerosols on the satellite products","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-759-2017","article-title":"Structural uncertainty in air mass factor calculation for NO2 and HCHO satellite retrievals","volume":"10","author":"Lorente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-1441-2014","article-title":"Retrieving tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Effects of aerosols, surface reflectance anisotropy and vertical profile of nitrogen dioxide","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12653","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-11217-2015","article-title":"Influence of aerosols and surface reflectance on satellite NO2 retrieval: Seasonal and spatial characteristics and implications for NOx emission constraints","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-1905-2011","article-title":"An improved tropospheric NO2 column retrieval algorithm for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument","volume":"4","author":"Boersma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-765-2014","article-title":"Four years of ground-based MAX-DOAS observations of HONO and NO2 in the Beijing area","volume":"14","author":"Hendrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-941-2015","article-title":"MAX-DOAS observations of aerosols, formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide in the Beijing area: Comparison of two profile retrieval approaches","volume":"8","author":"Vlemmix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11149","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-11149-2014","article-title":"Evaluation of tropospheric SO2 retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements in Xianghe, China","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-863-2010","article-title":"Multiple wavelength retrieval of tropospheric aerosol optical properties from MAXDOAS measurements in Beijing","volume":"3","author":"Clemer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13477","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13477-2016","article-title":"Observing atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) from space: Validation and intercomparison of six retrievals from four satellites (OMI, GOME2A, GOME2B, OMPS) with SEAC(4)RS aircraft observations over the southeast US","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-4687-2017","article-title":"OMI air-quality monitoring over the Middle East","volume":"17","author":"Barkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.03.012","article-title":"SCIATRAN 2.0\u2014A new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 175\u20132400 nm spectral region","volume":"36","author":"Rozanov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2013.07.004","article-title":"Radiative transfer through terrestrial atmosphere and ocean: Software package SCIATRAN","volume":"133","author":"Rozanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Wittrock, F. (2006). The Retrieval of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds by remote Sensing Techniques. [Doctoral dissertation, Universit\u00e4t Bremen]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D05204","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003915","article-title":"Cloud pressure retrieval using the O2-O2 absorption band at 477 nm","volume":"109","author":"Acarreta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-2150-4","article-title":"Model Analysis of Influences of Aerosol Mixing State upon Its Optical Properties in East Asia","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10231","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10231-2014","article-title":"Modeling analysis of the seasonal characteristics of haze formation in Beijing","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2128636","article-title":"Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System","volume":"59","author":"Byun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephens, G.L., Vane, D.G., Boain, R., Mace, G., Sassen, K., Wang, Z., Illingworth, A., Oconnor, E., Rossow, W., and Durden, S.L. (2001). The Cloudsat Mission and the EOS Constellation: A New Dimension of Space-Based Observation of Clouds and Precipitation, NASA.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-12-1771"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.08.045","article-title":"Aerosol vertical distribution over east China from RIEMS-Chem simulation in comparison with CALIPSO measurements","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Fan, M., Tao, J., Su, L., Wang, P., Liu, D., Li, M., Han, X., and Chen, L. (2017). Aerosol Optical Properties over China from RAMS-CMAQ Model Compared with CALIOP Observations. Atmosphere, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8100201"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-3257-2013","article-title":"Improvements to the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm using A-train CALIOP and AIRS observations","volume":"6","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020188","article-title":"Assessment of OMI near-UV aerosol optical depth over land","volume":"119","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024103","article-title":"Assessment of OMI near-UV aerosol optical depth over Central and East Asia","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, L.T., Chen, S.Y., Huang, J.P., Zhao, S.M., Ma, X.J., Yuan, T.G., Zhang, X.R., and Xie, T.T. (2017). The Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Absorbing Aerosols over East Asia. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101050"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11587","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-11587-2014","article-title":"Evaluation of OMI operational standard NO2 column retrievals using in situ and surface-based NO2 observations","volume":"14","author":"Lamsal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-6035-2016","article-title":"Improvements to the OMI O2-O2 operational cloud algorithm and comparisons with ground-based radar-lidar observations","volume":"9","author":"Veefkind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-1791-2011","article-title":"Global observations of tropospheric BrO columns using GOME-2 satellite data","volume":"11","author":"Theys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/2\/203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:37Z","timestamp":1760185657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/2\/203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11020203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11020203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]}}}