{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:21:27Z","timestamp":1770726087159,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20170897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20170897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20180765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20180765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41501397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41501397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41501378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41501378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large amounts of farmland loss caused by urban expansion has been a severe global environmental problem. Therefore, monitoring urban encroachment upon farmland is a global issue. In this study, we propose a novel framework for modelling and monitoring the conversion of cultivated land to built-up land using a satellite image time series (SITS). The land-cover change process is modelled by a two-level hierarchical hidden semi-Markov model, which is composed of two Markov chains with hierarchical relationships. The upper chain represents annual land-cover dynamics, and the lower chain encodes the vegetation phenological patterns of each land-cover type. This kind of architecture enables us to represent the multilevel semantic information of SITS at different time scales. Specifically, intra-annual series reflect phenological differences and inter-annual series reflect land-cover dynamics. In this way, we can take advantage of the temporal information contained in the entire time series as well as the prior knowledge of land cover conversion to identify where and when changes occur. As a case study, we applied the proposed method for mapping annual, long-term urban-induced farmland loss from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series in the Jing-Jin-Tang district, China from 2001 to 2010. The accuracy assessment showed that the proposed method was accurate for detecting conversions from cultivated land to built-up land, with the overall accuracy of 97.72% in the spatial domain and the temporal accuracy of 74.60%. The experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method in comparison with other state-of-the-art algorithms. In addition, the spatial-temporal patterns of urban expansion revealed in this study are consistent with the findings of previous studies, which also confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A New Framework for Modelling and Monitoring the Conversion of Cultivated Land to Built-up Land Based on a Hierarchical Hidden Semi-Markov Model Using Satellite Image Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Qihoo Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hichem","family":"Sahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Informatics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Center, Kapeldreef 75, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace DongFangHong Satellite Corporation Limited, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-30.1.49","article-title":"Urban Expansion and the Loss of Prime Agricultural Lands in Puerto Rico","volume":"30","author":"Lopez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030534","article-title":"Examining spatiotemporal urbanization patterns in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Remote sensing and spatial metrics approaches","volume":"1","author":"Thapa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.05.014","article-title":"Urbanization and agricultural land loss in India: Comparing satellite estimates with census data","volume":"148","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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