{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:44:15Z","timestamp":1772757855284,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K0483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The energy delivered to the land surface via insolation is a primary driver of evapotranspiration (ET)\u2014the exchange of water vapor between the land and atmosphere. Spatially distributed ET products are in great demand in the water resource management community for real-time operations and sustainable water use planning. The accuracy and deliverability of these products are determined in part by the characteristics and quality of the insolation data sources used as input to the ET models. This paper investigates the practical utility of three different insolation datasets within the context of a satellite-based remote sensing framework for mapping ET at high spatiotemporal resolution, in an application over the Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin Delta region in California. The datasets tested included one reanalysis product: The Climate System Forecast Reanalysis (CFSR) at 0.25\u00b0 spatial resolution, and two remote sensing insolation products generated with geostationary satellite imagery: a product for the continental United States at 0.2\u00b0, developed by the University of Wisconsin Space Sciences and Engineering Center (SSEC) and a coarser resolution (1\u00b0) global Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) product. The three insolation data sources were compared to pyranometer data collected at flux towers within the Delta region to establish relative accuracy. The satellite products significantly outperformed CFSR, with root-mean square errors (RMSE) of 2.7, 1.5, and 1.4 MJ\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7d\u22121 for CFSR, CERES, and SSEC, respectively, at daily timesteps. The satellite-based products provided more accurate estimates of cloud occurrence and radiation transmission, while the reanalysis tended to underestimate solar radiation under cloudy-sky conditions. However, this difference in insolation performance did not translate into comparable improvement in the ET retrieval accuracy, where the RMSE in daily ET was 0.98 and 0.94 mm d\u22121 using the CFSR and SSEC insolation data sources, respectively, for all the flux sites combined. The lack of a notable impact on the aggregate ET performance may be due in part to the predominantly clear-sky conditions prevalent in central California, under which the reanalysis and satellite-based insolation data sources have comparable accuracy. While satellite-based insolation data could improve ET retrieval in more humid regions with greater cloud-cover frequency, over the California Delta and climatologically similar regions in the western U.S., the CFSR data may suffice for real-time ET modeling efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T03:52:32Z","timestamp":1548301952000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Impact of Insolation Data Source on Remote Sensing Retrievals of Evapotranspiration over the California Delta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0748-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Diak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Sciences and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Knipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Eichelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle S.","family":"Hemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3496-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Baldocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5727-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Kustas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR020175","article-title":"The future of evapotranspiration: Global requirements for ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources","volume":"53","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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