{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:11:36Z","timestamp":1770145896934,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]],"date-time":"2019-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance of Level-3 gridded Global Precipitation Mission (GPM)-based precipitation products (IMERG, Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM) is assessed against two references over oceans: the OceanRAIN dataset, derived from oceanic shipboard disdrometers, and a satellite-based radar product (the Level-3 Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar, 3DPRD). Daily IMERG products (early, late, final) and microwave-only (MW) and Infrared-only (IR) precipitation components are evaluated at four different spatial resolutions (0.5\u00b0, 1\u00b0, 2\u00b0, and 3\u00b0) during a 3-year study period (March 2014\u2013February 2017). Their performance is assessed based on both categorical and continuous performance metrics, including correlation coefficient, probability of detection, success ratio, bias, and root mean square error (RMSE). A triple collocation analysis (TCA) is also presented to further investigate the performance of these satellite-based products. Overall, the IMERG products show an underestimation with respect to OceanRAIN. Rain events in OceanRAIN are correctly detected by all IMERG products ~80% of the times. IR estimates show relatively large errors and low correlations with OceanRAIN compared to the other products. On the other hand, the MW component performs better than other products in terms of both categorical and continuous statistics. TCA reveals that 3DPRD performs consistently better than OceanRAIN in terms of RMSE and coefficient of determination at all spatial resolutions. This work is part of a larger effort to validate GPM products over nontraditional regions such as oceans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T03:40:55Z","timestamp":1548733255000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Assessment of Level-3 Gridded Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) Products Over Oceans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environment, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0753-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environment, and Infrastructure Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9106-x","article-title":"Flood and landslide applications of near real-time satellite rainfall products","volume":"43","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D07102","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003986","article-title":"Assessment of current passive-microwave- and infrared-based satellite rainfall remote sensing for flood prediction","volume":"109","author":"Hossain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, G.E., Achutuni, V.R., Thiruvengadachari, S., and Kogan, F. (1993). The Role of NOAA Satellite Data in Drought Early Warning and Monitoring: Selected Case Studies. Drought Assessment, Management, and Planning: Theory and Case Studies, Springer. Natural Resource Management and Policy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3224-8_3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krajewski, W.F., Anderson, M.C., Eichinger, W.E., Entekhabi, D., Hornbuckle, B.K., Houser, P.R., Katul, G.G., Kustas, W.P., Norman, J.M., and Peters-Lidard, C. (2006). A remote sensing observatory for hydrologic sciences: A genesis for scaling to continental hydrology. Water Resour. Res., 42.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004435"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The global precipitation measurement mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00283.1","article-title":"So, how much of the Earth\u2019s surface is covered by rain gauges?","volume":"98","author":"Kidd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18486","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v64i0.18486","article-title":"HOAPS precipitation validation with ship-borne rain gauge measurements over the Baltic Sea","volume":"64","author":"Bumke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tellus Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3313","article-title":"The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission\u2019s scientific achievements and societal contributions: Reviewing four years of advanced rain and snow observations","volume":"144","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1999)016<0206:UQOMAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Uncertainty quantification of mean-areal radar-rainfall estimates","volume":"16","author":"Anagnostou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kent, E., Hall, A.D., and Leader, V.T.T. (2010, January 22\u201326). The voluntary observing ship (VOS) scheme. Proceedings of the 2010 AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.5270\/OceanObs09.cwp.48"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.R., Rettig, J., Rolph, J., Hu, J., Kent, E.C., Schulz, E., Verein, R., Rutz, S., and Paver, C. (2009, January 21\u201325). The data management system for the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) initiative. Proceedings of the OceanObs\u2019 09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society Conference, Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.5270\/OceanObs09.cwp.83"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1991)072<0339:TTAMAF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean","volume":"72","author":"Hayes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3287","article-title":"Precipitation measurements from the Tropical Moored Array: A review and look ahead","volume":"144","author":"Serra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3259.1","article-title":"Comparison of TRMM precipitation retrievals with rain gauge data from ocean buoys","volume":"18","author":"Bowman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<3496:ISOODV>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"In situ observations of diurnal variability in rainfall over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans","volume":"17","author":"Serra","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2003)042<1045:MTASCO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Multiple time-and space-scale comparisons of ATLAS buoy rain gauge measurements with TRMM satellite precipitation measurements","volume":"42","author":"Serra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3214","article-title":"The activities of the International Precipitation Working Group","volume":"144","author":"Levizzani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.12.014","article-title":"The oceanic shipboard precipitation measurement network for surface validation\u2014OceanRAIN","volume":"163","author":"Klepp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kucera, P., and Klepp, C. (2017, January 23\u201328). Validation of High Resolution IMERG Satellite Precipitation over the Global Oceans using OceanRAIN. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3248","article-title":"Towards an along-track validation of HOAPS precipitation using OceanRAIN optical disdrometer data over the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"144","author":"Burdanowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., Xie, P., and Yoo, S.-H. (2015). NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) Version 4.5."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2001)040<2038:RPAFTT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Rain-profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar","volume":"39","author":"Iguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.87A.1","article-title":"\u2019ichi Uncertainties in the rain profiling algorithm for the TRMM precipitation radar","volume":"87","author":"Iguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1875.1","article-title":"Comparisons of instantaneous TRMM ground validation and satellite rain-rate estimates at different spatial scales","volume":"47","author":"Wolff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2370.1","article-title":"Precipitation and latent heating distributions from satellite passive microwave radiometry. Part II: Evaluation of estimates using independent data","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Petersen, W., Kirstetter, P., Wolff, D., Kidd, C., Tokay, A., Chandrasekar, V., Gatlin, P., Tan, J., Grecu, M., and Huffman, G. (2016, January 3\u20137). GPM Level 1 Science Requirements: Science and Performance Viewed from the Ground. Proceedings of the 8th International Precipitation Working Group Workshop, Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"123","article-title":"Measurements of solid precipitation with an optical disdrometer","volume":"38","author":"Lempio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. BALTEX Secr. Publ. Ser."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Klepp, C., Michel, S., Protat, A., Burdanowitz, J., Albern, N., Louf, V., Bakan, S., Dahl, A., and Thiele, T. (2017). Ocean Rainfall and Ice-Phase Precipitation Measurement Network\u2014OceanRAIN-M, World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180122","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.122","article-title":"OceanRAIN, a new in-situ shipboard global ocean surface-reference dataset of all water cycle components","volume":"5","author":"Klepp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-089.1","article-title":"Triple collocation of summer precipitation retrievals from SEVIRI over Europe with gridded rain gauge and weather radar data","volume":"13","author":"Roebeling","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6229","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061322","article-title":"Extended triple collocation: Estimating errors and correlation coefficients with respect to an unknown target","volume":"41","author":"McColl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-3489-2015","article-title":"Characterization of precipitation product errors across the United States using multiplicative triple collocation","volume":"19","author":"Alemohammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC03180","article-title":"Toward the true near-surface wind speed: Error modeling and calibration using triple collocation","volume":"103","author":"Stoffelen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"200","article-title":"Recent advances in (soil moisture) triple collocation analysis","volume":"45","author":"Gruber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.693967","article-title":"Validation of ocean surface winds from the OCEANSAT-2 scatterometer using triple collocation","volume":"4","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-14-2605-2010","article-title":"Error Characterisation of Global Active and Passive Microwave Soil Moisture Data Sets","volume":"14","author":"Dorigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-75-2011","article-title":"A dynamic approach for evaluating coarse scale satellite soil moisture products","volume":"15","author":"Loew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-19-69-2012","article-title":"Structural and statistical properties of the collocation technique for error characterization","volume":"19","author":"Zwieback","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-4347-2017","article-title":"An assessment of the performance of global rainfall estimates without ground-based observations","volume":"21","author":"Massari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1175\/2008WAF2222159.1","article-title":"Visualizing multiple measures of forecast quality","volume":"24","author":"Roebber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900719","article-title":"Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1990)005<0570:TCSIAA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The critical success index as an indicator of warning skill","volume":"5","author":"Schaefer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2018, November 16). NASA GISS: Science Briefs: Cloud Climatology: Distribution and Character of Clouds, Available online: https:\/\/www.giss.nasa.gov\/research\/briefs\/rossow_01\/distrib.html."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1988)027<0030:ASITTE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A satellite infrared technique to estimate tropical convective and stratiform rainfall","volume":"27","author":"Adler","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JHM1052.1","article-title":"An intercomparison and validation of high-resolution satellite precipitation estimates with 3-hourly gauge data","volume":"10","author":"Sapiano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","article-title":"The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/met.284","article-title":"Global precipitation measurement","volume":"18","author":"Kidd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8646","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028584","article-title":"Investigating the Potential of Using Satellite-Based Precipitation Radars as Reference for Evaluating Multisatellite Merged Products","volume":"123","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895337","article-title":"Global precipitation map using satellite-borne microwave radiometers by the GSMaP project: Production and validation","volume":"45","author":"Kubota","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/3\/255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:28:57Z","timestamp":1760185737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/3\/255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11030255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11030255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]}}}