{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:05:48Z","timestamp":1771913148609,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the open foundation from Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture","award":["2016007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016007"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFC1502406-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1502406-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil moisture mapping at a regional scale is commonplace since these data are required in many applications, such as hydrological and agricultural analyses. The use of remotely sensed data for the estimation of deep soil moisture at a regional scale has received far less emphasis. The objective of this study was to map the 500-m, 8-day average and daily soil moisture at different soil depths in Oklahoma from remotely sensed and ground-measured data using the random forest (RF) method, which is one of the machine-learning approaches. In order to investigate the estimation accuracy of the RF method at both a spatial and a temporal scale, two independent soil moisture estimation experiments were conducted using data from 2010 to 2014: a year-to-year experiment (with a root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.038 to 0.050 m3\/m3) and a station-to-station experiment (with an RMSE ranging from 0.044 to 0.057 m3\/m3). Then, the data requirements, importance factors, and spatial and temporal variations in estimation accuracy were discussed based on the results using the training data selected by iterated random sampling. The highly accurate estimations of both the surface and the deep soil moisture for the study area reveal the potential of RF methods when mapping soil moisture at a regional scale, especially when considering the high heterogeneity of land-cover types and topography in the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T03:08:05Z","timestamp":1548990485000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Multilayer Soil Moisture Mapping at a Regional Scale from Multisource Data via a Machine Learning Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linglin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5638-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Daxiang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Changjiang River Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430015, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1017-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Deren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Water Engineering Materials, Guangxi Institute of Water Resources Research, Nanning 530023, China"}]},{"given":"Tingqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Water Engineering Materials, Guangxi Institute of Water Resources Research, Nanning 530023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(95)02965-6","article-title":"Mutual interaction of soil moisture state and atmospheric processes","volume":"184","author":"Entekhabi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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