{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:13:14Z","timestamp":1775837594873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61673208, 61703208, 61873125, 61533008, 61533009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673208, 61703208, 61873125, 61533008, 61533009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX18_0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX18_0302"]}]},{"name":"advanced research project of the equipment development","award":["30102080101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30102080101"]}]},{"name":"the &quot;333 project&quot; in Jiangsu Province","award":["BRA2016405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRA2016405"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for the Selected Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars","award":["2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016"]}]},{"name":"Foundation Research Project of Jiangsu Province (The Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province)","award":["BK20181291, BK20170815, BK20170767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20181291, BK20170815, BK20170767"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012130","name":"Aeronautic Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20165552043, 20165852052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20165552043, 20165852052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NP2018108, NZ2018002, NJ20170005, NP2017209, NZ2016104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NP2018108, NZ2018002, NJ20170005, NP2017209, NZ2016104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of smartphone technology, pedestrian navigation based on built-in inertial sensors in smartphones shows great application prospects. Currently, most smartphone-based pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) algorithms normally require a user to hold the phone in a fixed mode and, thus, need to correct the gyroscope heading with inputs from other sensors, which restricts the viability of pedestrian navigation significantly. In this paper, in order to improve the accuracy of the traditional step detection and step length estimation method for different users, a state transition-based step detection method and a step length estimation method using a neural network are proposed. In order to decrease the heading errors and inertial sensor errors in multi-mode system, a multi-mode intelligent recognition method based on a neural network was constructed. On this basis, we propose a heading correction method based on zero angular velocity and an overall correction method based on lateral velocity limitation (LV). Experimental results show that the maximum positioning errors obtained by the proposed algorithm are about 0.9% of the total path length. The proposed novel PDR algorithm dramatically enhances the user experience and, thus, has high value in real applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1549019998000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A Novel Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Algorithm for Multi-Mode Recognition Based on Smartphones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Limin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"Navigation Research Center, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"Navigation Research Center, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Jianye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"Navigation Research Center, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"Navigation Research Center, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"Navigation Research Center, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Jiangning, Nanjing 211106, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., and Hu, H. 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