{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:27:10Z","timestamp":1774884430504,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of the soil moisture in India using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) gridded datasets from June 2002 to April 2017. Significant relationships between soil moisture and different land surface\u2013atmosphere fields (Precipitation, surface air temperature, total cloud cover, and total water storage) were studied, using maximum covariance analysis (MCA) to extract dominant interactions that maximize the covariance between two fields. The first leading mode of MCA explained 56%, 87%, 81%, and 79% of the squared covariance function (SCF) between soil moisture with precipitation (PR), surface air temperature (TEM), total cloud count (TCC), and total water storage (TWS), respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.65, \u22120.72, 0.71, and 0.62. Furthermore, the covariance analysis of total water storage showed contrasting patterns with soil moisture, especially over northwest, northeast, and west coast regions. In addition, the spatial distribution of seasonal and annual trends of soil moisture in India was estimated using a robust regression technique for the very first time. For most regions in India, significant positive trends were noticed in all seasons. Meanwhile, a small negative trend was observed over southern India. The monthly mean value of AMSR soil moisture trend revealed a significant positive trend, at about 0.0158 cm3\/cm3 per decade during the period ranging from 2002 to 2017.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T03:26:01Z","timestamp":1549855561000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Soil Moisture Variability in India: Relationship of Land Surface\u2013Atmosphere Fields Using Maximum Covariance Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0076-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kishore","family":"Pangaluru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Velicogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}]},{"given":"Geruo","family":"A","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4292-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yara","family":"Mohajerani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Cirac\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"given":"Sravani","family":"Charakola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India"}]},{"given":"Ghouse","family":"Basha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki 517112, India"}]},{"given":"S. Vijaya Bhaskara","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.02.004","article-title":"Investigating soil moisture climate interactions in a changing climate: A review","volume":"99","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GCOS-138 (2010). Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in support of the UNFCCC-2010 Update, World Meteorological Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13775","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00176","article-title":"The relative contributions of land and ocean processes to precipitation variability","volume":"100","author":"Koster","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. 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