{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T09:49:00Z","timestamp":1775209740577,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]],"date-time":"2019-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic extraction of building footprints from high-resolution satellite imagery has become an important and challenging research issue receiving greater attention. Many recent studies have explored different deep learning-based semantic segmentation methods for improving the accuracy of building extraction. Although they record substantial land cover and land use information (e.g., buildings, roads, water, etc.), public geographic information system (GIS) map datasets have rarely been utilized to improve building extraction results in existing studies. In this research, we propose a U-Net-based semantic segmentation method for the extraction of building footprints from high-resolution multispectral satellite images using the SpaceNet building dataset provided in the DeepGlobe Satellite Challenge of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2018 (CVPR 2018). We explore the potential of multiple public GIS map datasets (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, and MapWorld) through integration with the WorldView-3 satellite datasets in four cities (Las Vegas, Paris, Shanghai, and Khartoum). Several strategies are designed and combined with the U-Net\u2013based semantic segmentation model, including data augmentation, post-processing, and integration of the GIS map data and satellite images. The proposed method achieves a total F1-score of 0.704, which is an improvement of 1.1% to 12.5% compared with the top three solutions in the SpaceNet Building Detection Competition and 3.0% to 9.2% compared with the standard U-Net\u2013based method. Moreover, the effect of each proposed strategy and the possible reasons for the building footprint extraction results are analyzed substantially considering the actual situation of the four cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1550441510000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Semantic Segmentation-Based Building Footprint Extraction Using Very High-Resolution Satellite Images and Multi-Source GIS Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Conghui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Tencent, Shenzhen 518000, China"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Juepeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Haohuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Wang, C., Shen, Y., and Liu, Y. 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