{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:24:21Z","timestamp":1768292661737,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41721091; 41690142; 41771076; 41571069; 41575012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41721091; 41690142; 41771076; 41571069; 41575012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Grant No.XDA2003020102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No.XDA2003020102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ground surface soil heat flux (G0) quantifies the energy transfer between the atmosphere and the ground through the land surface. However; it is difficult to obtain the spatial distribution of G0 in permafrost regions because of the limitation of in situ observation and complication of ground surface conditions. This study aims at developing an improved G0 parameterization scheme applicable to permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under clear-sky conditions. We validated several existing remote sensing-based models to estimate G0 by analyzing in situ measurement data. Based on the validation of previous models on G0; we added the solar time angle to the G0 parameterization scheme; which considered the phase difference problem. The maximum values of RMSE and MAE between \u201cmeasured G0\u201d and simulated G0 using the improved parameterization scheme and in situ data were calculated to be 6.102 W\/m2 and 5.382 W\/m2; respectively. When the error of the remotely sensed land surface temperature is less than 1 K and the surface albedo measured is less than 0.02; the accuracy of estimates based on remote sensing data for G0 will be less than 5%. MODIS data (surface reflectance; land surface temperature; and emissivity) were used to calculate G0 in a 10 x 10 km region around Tanggula site; which is located in the continuous permafrost region with long-term records of meteorological and permafrost parameters. The results obtained by the improved scheme and MODIS data were consistent with the observation. This study enhances our understanding of the impacts of climate change on the ground thermal regime of permafrost and the land surface processes between atmosphere and ground surface in cold regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T04:08:20Z","timestamp":1550549300000},"page":"416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Estimating Surface Soil Heat Flux in Permafrost Regions Using Remote Sensing-Based Models on the Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under Clear-Sky Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8131-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Ren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Changwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junming","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"The characteristics of radiation balance components of the Tibetan Plateau in the summer of 1998","volume":"25","author":"Bian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin. 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