{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:02:25Z","timestamp":1776132145165,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program  of China","award":["2016YFB0501501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0501501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As an important part of maritime traffic, ships play an important role in military and civilian applications. However, ships\u2019 appearances are susceptible to some factors such as lighting, occlusion, and sea state, making ship classification more challenging. This is of great importance when exploring global and detailed information for ship classification in optical remote sensing images. In this paper, a novel method to obtain discriminative feature representation of a ship image is proposed. The proposed classification framework consists of a multifeature ensemble based on convolutional neural network (ME-CNN). Specifically, two-dimensional discrete fractional Fourier transform (2D-DFrFT) is employed to extract multi-order amplitude and phase information, which contains such important information as profiles, edges, and corners; completed local binary pattern (CLBP) is used to obtain local information about ship images; Gabor filter is used to gain the global information about ship images. Then, deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to extract more abstract features based on the above information. CNN, extracting high-level features automatically, has performed well for object classification tasks. After high-feature learning, as the one of fusion strategies, decision-level fusion is investigated for the final classification result. The average accuracy of the proposed approach is 98.75% on the BCCT200-resize data, 92.50% on the original BCCT200 data, and 87.33% on the challenging VAIS data, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method when compared to the existing state-of-art algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T04:08:20Z","timestamp":1550549300000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Ship Classification Based on Multifeature Ensemble with Convolutional Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qiaoqiao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5389-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianru","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.033","article-title":"Vessel detection and classification from spaceborne optical images: A literature survey","volume":"207","author":"Kanjir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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