{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T14:52:06Z","timestamp":1769179926581,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]],"date-time":"2019-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phewa Lake is an environmental and socio-economic asset to Nepal and the city of Pokhara. However, the lake area has decreased in recent decades due to sediment influx. The rate of this decline and the areal evolution of Phewa Lake due to artificial damming and sedimentation is disputed in the literature due to the lack of a historical time series. In this paper, we present an analysis of the lake\u2019s evolution from 1926 to 2018 and model the 50-year trajectory of shrinkage. The area of Phewa Lake expanded from 2.44 \u00b1 1.02 km2 in 1926 to a maximum of 4.61 \u00b1 0.07 km2 in 1961. However, the lake area change was poorly constrained prior to a 1957\u20131958 map. The contemporary lake area was 4.02 \u00b1 0.07 km2 in April 2018, and expands seasonally by ~0.18 km2 due to the summer monsoon. We found no evidence to support a lake area of 10 km2 in 1956\u20131957, despite frequent reporting of this value in the literature. Based on the rate of areal decline and sediment influx, we estimate the lake will lose 80% of its storage capacity in the next 110\u2013347 years, which will affect recreational use, agricultural irrigation, fishing, and a one-megawatt hydroelectric power facility. Mitigation of lake shrinkage will require addressing landslide activity and sediment transport in the watershed, as well as urban expansion along the shores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T03:49:44Z","timestamp":1550807384000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Shrinkage of Nepal\u2019s Second Largest Lake (Phewa Tal) Due to Watershed Degradation and Increased Sediment Influx"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2656-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Scott","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Kargel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}]},{"given":"Dhananjay","family":"Regmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Himalayan Research Center, Lainchaur, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}]},{"given":"Summer","family":"Rupper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10964, USA"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Electricity Authority, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9100-3","article-title":"Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal","volume":"43","author":"Petley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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