{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:49:42Z","timestamp":1775022582845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1502406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1502406"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51609257, 41601580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51609257, 41601580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IWHR Research &amp; Development Support Program","award":["JZ0145B582017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ0145B582017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high-resolution and near real-time drought monitoring dataset has not been made readily available in drought-prone China, except for the low-resolution global product. Here we developed a set of near real-time meteorological drought data at a 0.25\u00b0 spatial resolution over China, by seamlessly merging the satellite-based near real-time (RT) precipitation (3B42RTv7) into the high-quality gauge-based retrospective product (CN05.1) using the quantile-mapping (QM) bias-adjustment method. Comparing the standard precipitation index (SPI) from the satellite-gauge merged product (SGMP) with that from the retrospective ground product CN05.1 (OBS) shows that the SGMP reproduces well the observed spatial distribution of SPI and the pattern of meteorological drought across China, at both the 6-month and 12-month time scales. In contrast, the UN-SGMP generated by merging the unadjusted raw satellite precipitation into the gauging data shows systematical overestimation of the SPI, leaving less meteorological droughts to be identified. Furthermore, the SGMP is found to be able to capture the inter-annual variation of percentage area in meteorological droughts. These validation results suggest that the newly developed drought dataset is reliable for monitoring meteorological drought dynamics in near real-time. This dataset will be routinely updated as the satellite RT precipitation is made available, thus facilitating near real-time drought diagnosis in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T11:26:14Z","timestamp":1550834774000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Set of Satellite-Based Near Real-Time Meteorological Drought Monitoring Data over China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}]},{"given":"Guoyong","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/1070496507306222","article-title":"Documenting drought-related disasters: A global reassessment","volume":"16","author":"Below","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNISDR and CRED (2019, February 20). The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters: 1995\u20132015. Available online: http:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/2015\/docs\/climatechange\/COP21_WeatherDisastersReport_2015_FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16467","article-title":"Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production","volume":"529","author":"Lesk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/465142a","article-title":"China drought highlights future climate threats","volume":"465","author":"Qiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23284","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23284","article-title":"Contrasting responses of water use efficiency to drought across global terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JCLI3733.1","article-title":"Soil Moisture Drought in China, 1950\u20132006","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-016-0083-8","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations of meteorological droughts in China during 1961\u20132014: An investigation based on multi-threshold identification","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"115","article-title":"Research review and perspective of drought mitigation","volume":"49","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012","article-title":"A review of drought concepts","volume":"391","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","article-title":"A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.81","article-title":"Drought under global warming: A review","volume":"2","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"WIREs Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-1915-2012","article-title":"A process-based typology of hydrological drought","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2015.01.003","article-title":"Climate change impacts on meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts in China","volume":"126","author":"Leng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"McKee, T., Doesken, N., and Kleist, J. (1993, January 17\u201322). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2013.03.009","article-title":"Multivariate standardized drought index: A parametric multi-index model","volume":"57","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L04707","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021853","article-title":"Variations in droughts over China: 1951\u20132003","volume":"32","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2968.1","article-title":"Spatial variation and trends in PDSI and SPI indices and their relation to streamflow in 10 large regions of China","volume":"23","author":"Zhai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0251-0","article-title":"SPI-based evaluation of drought events in Xinjiang, China","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.09.047","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation of drought in China during 1961\u20132012: A climatic perspective","volume":"526","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, W., Huang, S., Huang, G., Huang, Q., Wang, H., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Li, P., and Ma, L. (2018). Copulas-based risk analysis for inter-seasonal combinations of wet and dry conditions under a changing climate. Int. J. Climatol.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5929"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-0128.1","article-title":"Evaluation of real-time satellite precipitation data for global drought monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954180","article-title":"Towards an integrated geographic analysis system with remote sensing, GIS and consecutive modeling for snow cover monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:2(91)","article-title":"A distributed watershed model compatible with remote sensing and GIS data, I: Description of the model","volume":"6","author":"Fortin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.08.029","article-title":"Distributed hydrologic model for mapping evapotranspiration using remote sensing inputs","volume":"305","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W08502","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005739","article-title":"A first approach to global runoff simulation using satellite rainfall estimation","volume":"43","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3390\/s8020910","article-title":"Improving distributed runoff prediction in urbanized catchments with remote sensing based estimates of impervious surface cover","volume":"8","author":"Chormanski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"439","article-title":"Dense temporal series of C- and L-band SAR data for soil moisture retrieval over agricultural crops","volume":"4","author":"Balenzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J.-STARS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W06526","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR009917","article-title":"Evaluation of satellite rainfall products through hydrologic simulation in a fully distributed hydrologic model","volume":"47","author":"Bitew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattia, F., Satalino, G., Balenzano, A., D\u2019Urso, G., Capodici, F., Iacobellis, V., Milella, P., Gioia, A., Rinaldi, M., and Ruggieri, S. (2012;, January 22\u201327). Time series of COSMO-SkyMed data for landcover classification and surface parameter retrieval over agricultural sites. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352738"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The global precipitation measurement mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","article-title":"The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"5","author":"Joyce","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2000)081<2035:EOPSSE>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of PERSIANN system satellite-based estimates of tropical rainfall","volume":"81","author":"Sorooshian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6426","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023400","article-title":"Combining satellite precipitation and long-term ground observations for hydrological monitoring in China","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1246.1","article-title":"Real-time bias reduction for satellite-based precipitation estimates","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044037","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044037","article-title":"A near real-time satellite-based global drought climate data record","volume":"7","author":"AghaKouchak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-090.1","article-title":"A prototype global drought information system based on multiple land surface models","volume":"15","author":"Nijssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00124.1","article-title":"A drought monitoring and forecasting system for sub-Sahara African water resources and food security","volume":"95","author":"Sheffield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimani, M.W., Hoedjes, J.C.B., and Su, Z. (2018). Bayesian Bias Correction of Satellite Rainfall Estimates for Climate Studies. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0225.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"D21106","article-title":"A conceptual model for constructing high-resolution gauge-satellite merged precipitation analyses","volume":"116","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020686","article-title":"A high spatiotemporal gauge-satellite merged precipitation analysis over China","volume":"119","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1102","article-title":"A gridded daily observation dataset over China region and comparison with the other datasets","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM583.1","article-title":"A gauge-based analysis of daily precipitation over East Asia","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2009-035","article-title":"A 44-year daily gridded precipitation dataset for Asia based on a dense network of rain gauges","volume":"5","author":"Yatagai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-13-0170.1","article-title":"A long-term land surface hydrologic fluxes and states dataset for China","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-87-12-1699","article-title":"A test bed for new seasonal hydrologic forecasting approaches in the western United States","volume":"87","author":"Wood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-16-0045.1","article-title":"Soil moisture drought monitoring and forecasting using satellite and climate model data over southwestern China","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0652.1","article-title":"How Suitable is Quantile Mapping For Postprocessing GCM Precipitation Forecasts?","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-11-038.1","article-title":"Dynamic-model-based seasonal prediction of meteorological drought over the United States","volume":"13","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-83.8.1181","article-title":"The Drought Monitor","volume":"83","author":"Svoboda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23153","article-title":"Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations","volume":"50","author":"Moriasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/4\/453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:34:07Z","timestamp":1760186047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/4\/453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11040453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11040453","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]}}}