{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:33:59Z","timestamp":1760240039518,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,24]],"date-time":"2019-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFB0502800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0502800"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Latent heat flux (LHF) plays an important role in the global hydrological cycle and is therefore necessary to understand global climate variability. It has been reported that the near-surface specific humidity is a major source of error for satellite-derived LHF. Here, a new empirical model relating multichannel brightness temperatures (     T B     ) obtained from the Fengyun-3 (FY-3C) microwave radiometer and sea surface air specific humidity (     Q a     ) is proposed. It is based on the relationship between      T B     ,      Q a  ,     sea surface temperature (SST), and water vapor scale height. Compared with in situ data, the new satellite-derived      Q a      and LHF both exhibit better statistical results than previous estimates. For      Q a     , the bias, root mean square difference (RMSD), and the correlation coefficient (R2) between satellite and buoy in the mid-latitude region are 0.08 g\/kg, 1.76 g\/kg, and 0.92, respectively. For LHF, the bias, RMSD, and R2 are 2.40 W\/m2, 34.24 W\/m2, and 0.87, respectively. The satellite-derived      Q a      are also compared with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) humidity datasets, with a bias, RMSD, and R2 of 0.02 g\/kg, 1.02 g\/kg, and 0.98, respectively. The proposed method can also be extended in the future to observations from other space-borne microwave radiometers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T03:06:52Z","timestamp":1551064012000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Estimation of Surface Air Specific Humidity and Air\u2013Sea Latent Heat Flux Using FY-3C Microwave Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qidong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9920-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation, Hainan Province, Sanya 572029, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12268","article-title":"North atlantic ocean control on surface heat flux on multidecadal timescales","volume":"499","author":"Gulev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100","article-title":"An offline study of the impact of lakes on the performance of the ecmwf surface scheme","volume":"15","author":"Dutra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. 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