{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:23:44Z","timestamp":1771273424798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Simons Foundation Fellowship","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society Chapter","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007347","name":"SPIE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Pacific\/Teck Resources","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocean colour (OC) remote sensing is important for monitoring marine ecosystems. However, inverting the OC signal from the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance measured by satellite sensors remains a challenge as the retrieval accuracy is highly dependent on the performance of the atmospheric correction as well as sensor calibration. In this study, the performances of four atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms, the Atmospheric and Radiometric Correction of Satellite Imagery (ARCSI), Atmospheric Correction for OLI \u2018lite\u2019 (ACOLITE), Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance (LSR) Climate Data Record (Landsat CDR), herein referred to as LaSRC (Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Code), and the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) Data Analysis System (SeaDAS), implemented for Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data, were evaluated. The OLI-derived remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) products (also known as Level-2 products) were tested against near-simultaneous in-situ data acquired from the OC component of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET-OC). Analyses of the match-ups revealed that generic atmospheric correction methods (i.e., ARCSI and LaSRC), which perform reasonably well over land, provide inaccurate Level-2 products over coastal waters, in particular, in the blue bands. Between water-specific AC methods (i.e., SeaDAS and ACOLITE), SeaDAS was found to perform better over complex waters with root-mean-square error (RMSE) varying from 0.0013 to 0.0005 sr\u22121 for the 443 and 655 nm channels, respectively. An assessment of the effects of dominant environmental variables revealed AC retrieval errors were influenced by the solar zenith angle and wind speed for ACOLITE and SeaDAS in the 443 and 482 nm channels. Recognizing that the AERONET-OC sites are not representative of inland waters, extensive research and analyses are required to further evaluate the performance of various AC methods for high-resolution imagers like Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 under a broad range of aquatic\/atmospheric conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T10:56:53Z","timestamp":1551092213000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Analyzing Performances of Different Atmospheric Correction Techniques for Landsat 8: Application for Coastal Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christopher O.","family":"Ilori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5454-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Pahlevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 10210 Greenbelt Road, Suite 600 Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8970-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Knudby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa, 60 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/014311601449916","article-title":"The ABDMAP (Algal Bloom Detection, Monitoring and Prediction) Concerted Action","volume":"22","author":"Cracknell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.902880","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing as a Reconnaissance Tool for Assessing Nautical Chart Adequacy and Completeness","volume":"37","author":"Parrish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.017","article-title":"Retrospective Seagrass Change Detection in a Shallow Coastal Tidal Australian Lake","volume":"97","author":"Dekker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050238","article-title":"Coral Reef Habitat Mapping: How Much Detail Can Remote Sensing Provide?","volume":"130","author":"Mumby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.000443","article-title":"Retrieval of Water-Leaving Radiance and Aerosol Optical Thickness over the Oceans with SeaWiFS: A Preliminary Algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212533","article-title":"A Multiple Scattering Algorithm for Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Ocean Colour (MERIS Instrument): Principle and Implementation for Atmospheres Carrying Various Aerosols Including Absorbing Ones","volume":"20","author":"Antoine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mobley, C.D., Werdell, J., Franz, B., Ahmad, Z., and Bailey, S. (2019, February 18). Atmospheric Correction for Satellite Ocean Colour Radiometry, Available online: https:\/\/oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov\/docs\/technical\/NASA-TM-2016-217551.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sathyendranath, S. (2000). Remote Sensing of Ocean. Colour in Coastal, and Other Optically-Complex. Waters, IOCCG. Reports of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.003582","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Ocean Colour Imagery: The Black Pixel Assumption","volume":"39","author":"Siegel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.03.011","article-title":"An Assessment of the Black Ocean Pixel Assumption for MODIS SWIR Bands","volume":"113","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15722","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.015722","article-title":"The NIR-SWIR Combined Atmospheric Correction Approach for MODIS Ocean Colour Data Processing","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7521","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.007521","article-title":"Estimation of Near-Infrared Water-Leaving Reflectance for Satellite Ocean Colour Data Processing","volume":"18","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.006","article-title":"Evaluation of Four Atmospheric Correction Algorithms for MODIS-Aqua Images over Contrasted Coastal Waters","volume":"131","author":"Goyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.018","article-title":"Comparison of three SeaWiFS atmospheric correction algorithms for turbid waters using AERONET-OC measurements","volume":"115","author":"Jamet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.030","article-title":"Landsat 8 remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) products: Evaluations, intercomparisons, and enhancements","volume":"190","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.001","article-title":"On-orbit radiometric characterization of OLI (Landsat-8) for applications in aquatic remote sensing","volume":"154","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.028","article-title":"Capability of the Sentinel 2 Mission for Tropical Coral Reef Mapping and Coral Bleaching Detection","volume":"120","author":"Hedley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096070","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.9.096070","article-title":"Ocean Colour Measurements with the Operational Land Imager on Landsat-8: Implementation and Evaluation in SeaDAS","volume":"9","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doxani, G., Vermote, E., Roger, J., Gascon, F., Adriaensen, S., Frantz, D., Hagolle, O., Hollstein, A., and Kirches, G. (2018). Atmospheric Correction Inter-Comparison Exercise. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020352"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.033","article-title":"An assessment of Landsat-8 atmospheric correction schemes and remote sensing reflectance products in coral reefs and coastal turbid waters","volume":"215","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6111","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6076111","article-title":"A Python-Based Open Source System for Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) Utilizing Raster Attribute Tables","volume":"6","author":"Clewley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.01.009","article-title":"Turbid Wakes Associated with Offshore Wind Turbines Observed with Landsat 8","volume":"145","author":"Vanhellemont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"USGS (2019, February 18). Product Guide: Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Code (LASRC) Product, 2017, Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1073161X.1994.10467258.","DOI":"10.1080\/1073161X.1994.10467258"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermote, E.F., Justice, C., Claverie, M., and Franch, B. (2016). Preliminary Analysis of the Performance of the Landsat 8\/OLI Land Surface Reflectance Product. Remote Sens. Environ.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.008"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073558","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.7.073558","article-title":"Increased Potential to Monitor Water Quality in the Near-Shore Environment with Landsat\u2019s next-Generation Satellite","volume":"7","author":"Gerace","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHO654.1","article-title":"AERONET-OC: A Network for the Validation of Ocean Colour Primary Products","volume":"26","author":"Zibordi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12067","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900014","article-title":"An Emerging Ground-Based Aerosol Climatology: Aerosol Optical Depth from AERONET","volume":"106","author":"Holben","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET-A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024048429145","article-title":"The Solar Spectral Irradiance from 200 to 2400 nm as Measured by the SOLSPEC Spectrometer from the ATLAS and EURECA Missions","volume":"214","author":"Thuillier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.015","article-title":"A Multi-Sensor Approach for the on-Orbit Validation of Ocean Colour Satellite Data Products","volume":"102","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wicks, D.J., and Jarman, M. (2018, February 22). S2 ARD Project Briefing Document. Available online: https:\/\/media.sa.catapult.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/14123619\/Sentinel-2-ARD-Project-Summary_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.08.002","article-title":"Py6S: A Python Interface to the 6S Radiative Transfer Model","volume":"51","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/36.581987","article-title":"Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, 6S: An Overview","volume":"35","author":"Vermote","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Vanhellemont, Q., and Ruddick, K. (2014, January 20\u201323). Landsat-8 As a Precursor to Sentinel-2: Observations of Human Impacts in Coastal Waters. Proceedings of the Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Shettle, E.P., and Fenn, R.W. (1979). Models for the Aerosols of the Lower Atmosphere and the Effects of Humidity Variations on Their Optical Properties. Environ. Res., 676."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.000897","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction of SeaWiFS Imagery for Turbid Coastal and Inland Waters","volume":"39","author":"Ruddick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Vanhellemont, Q., and Ruddick, K. (2016, January 9\u201313). Acolite for sentinel-2: Aquatic applications of MSI imagery. Proceedings of the 2016 ESA Living Planet Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1104742","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Landsat-8 Surface Reflectance Products Using a MODIS-Based per-Pixel Atmospheric Correction Method Atmospheric Correction Method","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.059","article-title":"Early Spring Post-Fire Snow Albedo Dynamics in High Latitude Boreal Forests Using Landsat-8 OLI Data","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of the Landsat Surface Reflectance Climate Data Record (CDR) and Manually Atmospherically Corrected Data in a Semi-Arid European Study Area","volume":"42","author":"Vuolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.031","article-title":"Global Surface Reflectance Products from Landsat: Assessment Using Coincident MODIS Observations","volume":"134","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.005545","article-title":"New Aerosol Models for the Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Thickness and Normalized Water-Leaving Radiances from the SeaWiFS and MODIS Sensors over Coastal Regions and Open Oceans","volume":"49","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.007754","article-title":"Influence of Oceanic Whitecaps on Atmospheric Correction of Ocean-Colour Sensors","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28650","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.028650","article-title":"Spectral Band Adjustments for Remote Sensing Reflectance Spectra in Coastal\/Inland Waters","volume":"25","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.002262","article-title":"Band Shifting for Ocean Colour Multi-Spectral Reflectance Data","volume":"23","author":"Sclep","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.006015","article-title":"Revisiting short-wave-infrared (SWIR) bands for atmospheric correction in coastal waters","volume":"25","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2107","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.007","article-title":"Advantages of high quality SWIR bands for ocean colour processing: Examples from Landsat-8","volume":"161","author":"Vanhellemont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"De Maerschalck, B., and Vanlede, J. (2013). Zeebrugge Harbour Sediment Transport Model. Coast. Dyn., 477\u2013486."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Amin, R., Gilerson, A., Zhou, J., Gross, B., Moshary, F., and Ahmed, S. (2009, January 11\u201315). Impacts of Atmospheric Corrections on Algal Bloom Detection Techniques. Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Coastal Atmospheric, Oceanic Prediction, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.007442","article-title":"Estimation of the Remote-Sensing Reflectance from above-Surface Measurements","volume":"38","author":"Mobley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02427","article-title":"Aerosol Optical Thickness and Atmospheric Path Radiance","volume":"98","author":"Kaufman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL025778","article-title":"Comparison of SeaWiFS, MODIS and MERIS radiometric products at a coastal site","volume":"33","author":"Zibordi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Vanhellemont, Q., Bailey, S., Franz, B., and Shea, D. (2014, January 20\u201323). Atmospheric Correction of Landsat-8 Imagery Using Seadas. Proceedings of the Sentinel-2 for Science Workshop, Frascati, Italy."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/4\/469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:34:34Z","timestamp":1760186074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/4\/469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs11040469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs11040469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]}}}